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. 2023 Jun 5:1–27. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10389-023-01938-w

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 7 — Meta-analysis of the effects of experimental and control groups on serum BDNF. Note: a: assigned gardening group vs. indoor exercise group; b: assigned gardening group vs. walking group; c: home gardening group vs. indoor exercise group; d: home gardening group vs. walking group