Table 4.
Meta-analytic assessments
| Outcomes | N (participants) | SMD (95% CI) | Heterogeneity I2 (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | ||||
| BMI(kg/m2) | 4 (264) | 0.072(-0.301, 0.157) | 16.40% | 0.305 |
| Activities of daily living (min/week) | 3 (276) | 0.077 (-0.146, 0.301) | 79.80% | p<0.00001 |
| Activities of daily living (Barthel Index) | 2 (248) | 0.644 (0.352,0.935) | 99.10% | p<0.00001 |
| Weight(kg) | 3 (170) | -0.195(-0.507,0.117) | 90.30% | p<0.00001 |
| Waist circumference(cm) | 3 (170) | -0.327 (-0.637, -0.017) | 85.40% | 0.001 |
| Health-related quality of life(SF-36v2, PCS ) | 3 (214) | -0.039 (-0.270, 0.192) | 85.70% | p<0.00001 |
| 30-SEC Chair stand (n) | 5 (236) | 0.462 (0.200,0.724) | 57.30% | 0.053 |
| 8-ftzup-and-go (sce) | 5 (236) | -0.547 (-0.810,-0.283) | 55.10% | 0.063 |
| Chair sit-and-reach (cm) | 5 (236) | 0.302 (0.036, 0.569) | 87.00% | p<0.00001 |
| Back scratch (mm) | 5 (236) | 0.327 (0.068, 0.585) | 0.00% | 0.422 |
| Grip force (kg) | 3 (132) | 0.280 (-0.086, 0.647) | 45.00% | 0.162 |
| Pinch force (kg) | 2 (90) | 0.368 (0.062, 0.674) | 0.00% | 0.570 |
| Hand dexterity(KS-301Lavisen) | 2 (134) | -0.495 (-0.923,-0.067) | 84.30% | 0.012 |
| Cognitive(K-MMSE) | 4 (271) | 0.883 (0.631, 1.135) | 61.20% | 0.052 |
| Blood pressure--systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2 (184) | -0.411 (-0.704, -0.118) | 61.40% | 0.108 |
| Blood pressure--diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2 (184) | -0.395 (-0.687, -0.103) | 0.00% | 0.409 |
| Telomerase activity | 2 (120) | -0.437 (-0.824, -0.050) | 96.40% | p<0.00001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 2 (120) | -0.320 (-0.681, 0.041) | 0.00% | 0.697 |
| Serum BDNF(ng/dl) | 2 (81) | 0.031 (-0.240, 0.302) | 5.00% | 0.995 |
| Psychological indicators | ||||
| Loneliness (UCLA) | 2 (203) | -2.804 (-3.223, -2.385) | 98.20% | p<0.00001 |
| Stress(PSS-10) | 2 (136) | -0.339 (-0.610, -0.069) | 86.70% | p<0.00001 |
| Stress--Fingernail cortisol (ng/g) | 2 (120) | -0.365 (-0.728, -0.002) | 35.90% | 0.212 |
| Stress--salivary cortisol (ug/l) | 2 (69) | -0.902 (-1.410, -0.395) | 81.40% | 0.021 |
| Depression--Geriatric Depression Scale | 5 (337) | -0.947 (-1.206, -0.687) | 97.70% | p<0.00001 |
| Mental component score (SF-36v2, MCS) | 3 (214) | -0.045 (-0.275, 0.184) | 82.60% | p<0.00001 |
| Life changes | ||||
| Social network - Lubben Social Network Scale | 2 (201) | 0.370 (0.115, 0.624) | 60.60% | 0.038 |
| Vegetable and fruit intake --EATS (serving/d) | 2 (120) | 0.688 (0.287, 1.089) | 97.10% | p<0.00001 |
N: number of studies, CI: confidence interval