Table 3.

Relevant Studies Included in this Literature Review

Study ID	Intervention type	Health condition	Primary outcome(s)	Study description
Angellotti et al.8	RPM and Telehealth	Cardiometabolic diseases (incl. hypertension)	Telehealth feasibility and acceptability	Participants received personalized text messages of recommendations and motivation regarding diet, exercise, and medication adherence. A subset of participants was additionally asked to measure and report BP twice a day using Bluetooth-enabled BP monitor and the iHealth MyVitals app.
Baidwan et al.48	Telehealth	Hypertension	BP	An organization-level analysis was conducted using the Uniform Data System administrative database to assess the use of telehealth in community health centers for patients with hypertension. The nature and scope of telehealth included were not specified.
Bekelman et al.35	RPM	Heart failure	Mortality	Participants received a multicomponent intervention to improve health status, which included RPM and patient self-care support (i.e., medication reminders, health education), collaborative care disease management, and screening and treatment of depression.
Benson et al.36	RPM with Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP; medication adherence	The HeartBeat Connections program, a teleconferencing-based health coaching program, was administered to participants. RDNs and RNs provided one 20-min call per month to discuss medication management and biometric and lifestyle CVD risk factors. Participants additionally received a physical handbook on CVD prevention. The intervention was provided as a complement to usual care.
Blum and Gottlieb63	RPM	Heart failure	Hospitalization; mortality	The RPM protocol consisted of daily BP, heart rate, weights, and 15-sec heart rhythm strip readings that were transmitted wirelessly to the patient's file. Nurse practitioners followed up with patients whose readings were outside of individually assigned parameters.
Bosworth et al.42	Remote Monitoring and Telehealth	Hypertension	BP	Participants received one of three interventions: (1) physician- and nurse-administered medication management, (2) nurse-administered behavioral management, or (3) a combination of the first two. Intervention activities included health behavior education and modifications, and medication adjustment. Participants were provided with a wireless home BP monitor and telemedicine device to record their BP once every other day. Teleconferencing could be triggered based on the participants' BP metrics measurements.
Bowles et al.64	RPM with Videoconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Participants measured predetermined biometrics at home, which were automatically transmitted to their care team and monitored by a nurse. Readings outside of normal range were reported to the care team to determine changes in the treatment plan. Participants additionally received six videoconferencing visits and four in-person home visits from a nurse.
Clark et al.59	RPM with Videoconferencing	Hypertension	BP	A prospective cohort study comprising of patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Patients in the intervention group received a BP cuff monitor and tablet. Participants were required to transmit BP readings twice daily. Patients had live video BP review appointments with a pharmacist every 3 weeks.
Choudhry et al.33	RPM	Hypertension	BP; medication adherence	Participants received a multicomponent intervention to address medication adherence. The intervention comprised tailored teleconferencing visits with a clinical pharmacist, mailed progress reports, and tailored medication adherence strategies, which could include text messaging and pill boxes, follow-up consultations, and structured reports sent to the participant's primary care physician with care coordination recommendations.
Dalouk et al.49	Videoconferencing	Heart failure	Mortality	Participants were enrolled in a Telemedicine Videoconferencing Clinic, which included an unspecified number of video visits with a physician or Nurse Practitioner. Participants were additionally enrolled in RPM programs as available.
Davis et al.37	RPM	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Participants recorded daily symptoms and received print educational materials on symptom management. Home visits from a care team were prompted by either care team review of recorded symptoms or by request.
de Peralta et al.51	Video and Teleconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Participants received consultation through phone or video-to-home virtual care from a Nurse Practitioner. Participants were provided with care team recommendations following the virtual visit.
Fisher et al.9	RPM	Hypertension	BP	Participants received a Bluetooth-enabled home BP device that automatically transmitted BP readings to their care team. Medication could be adjusted by teleconferencing on a biweekly basis dependent on participant readings. Nurse practitioners and pharmacists managed the participants.
Friedberg et al.44	Teleconferencing	Hypertension	Assessment of patient reach/feasibility	Participants received a monthly behavioral intervention aimed at improving treatment adherence through telephone. Interventions were grounded within the Stages of Change and Transtheoretical Models.
Idris et al.10	RPM with Videoconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization; mortality	Participants in the Health Connect system intervention received weekly videoconferencing calls, as well as daily RPM of BP, weight, oxygen saturation, and heart rate. Videoconferencing calls covered topics such as medication regiments, concerns with regard to care, office visits, and any additional care question that the participant may have. Patient data were reviewed by a physician or nurse with expertise in cardiology. The cardiologist was consulted to adjust medication or recommend for an office visit when parameters were outside of a normal range.
Kao et al.11	RPM	Heart failure	Hospitalization; mortality	The Health Buddy Program combined telehealth and care management. Participants were provided with a Health Buddy Device within their home to record daily vital signs and health status information. Participants received automated educational feedback and were triaged into low-, medium-, and high-risk categories based on information provided. Next step care was subsequently determined based on risk level.
Kothapalli et al.60	RPM	Cardiovascular disease	BP	This clinical trial utilized a web-based telemedicine system. Participants were asked to report BP, daily steps, weight, and cigarette usage once a week.
Lakshminarayan et al.61	RPM	Hypertension (stroke)	Medication adherence	Participants were given a wireless BP monitor to measure their BP daily. Medications were managed and adjusted accordingly on a biweekly basis by a physician and pharmacist.
Litke et al.45	Video and Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP	The intervention aimed to improve access to care for rural veterans through a combined telehealth and CPS program. Participants received medication management videoconferencing and teleconferencing visits with a CPS.
Magid et al.17	RPM and Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP; medication adherence	The multimodal intervention included home BP monitoring and reporting three to four times a week to an IVR telephone system, as well as patient education. Participants were managed by a clinical pharmacist and additionally had the opportunity to request a teleconferencing visit with the clinical pharmacist or to receive educational information.
Mallow et al.34	RPM	Chronic conditions (incl. hypertension)	BP	Participants recorded BP, weight, and blood glucose on a tablet and Bluetooth-enabled self-monitoring device. Participants were also provided access to mL SMART, a web-based platform with asynchronous and synchronous features, some of which include videoconferencing, messaging portal, health education, reminders and notifications of medications, and access to readings.
Margolis et al.38	RPM with Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP	Participants measured their BP with home BP telemonitors. Metrics were reviewed by pharmacists, who adjusted medications accordingly and provided information regarding medication adherence and lifestyle modifications through teleconferencing.
Milani et al.14	Remote Monitoring and Telehealth with Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP	Participants were asked to provide weekly BP readings, which were automatically transmitted to their EHR. Pharmacists and health coaches delivered education, recommendations, and medication management through telephone calls. Participants were additionally directed to a hypertension management educational website.
O'Connor et al.39	RPM	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Grounded within the Transitional Care Model, the telehealth intervention employed a wireless tablet-based system to collect participant biometrics, including BP, heart rate, weight, and blood oxygenation. Participants additionally received instructional videos.
Ong et al.65	RPM with Teleconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization; mortality	The Better Effectiveness After Transition—Heart Failure study employed an intervention to address care transition in heart failure patients. RNs health coaching teleconferencing with participants. Participants additionally recorded their BP, heart rate, weight, and symptoms daily through a Bluetooth-enabled device, which were reviewed by RNs.
Ovbiagele et al.55	RPM	Stroke	BP; medication adherence	Participants received an electronic medication tray and a Bluetooth-enabled BP monitor. They were additionally provided with weekly tailored email reports based on BP readings and medication adherence rates.
Pekmezaris et al.40	RPM with Videoconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Participants were provided with an in-home American TeleCare video patient station, which included a built-in BP monitor and stethoscope. Nurses conducted videoconferencing visits where they guided participants in measuring their weight, BP, and heart rate.
Piette et al.56	RPM with Teleconferencing	Heart failure	Medication adherence	Participants received weekly IVR teleconferencing about self-management and health over the course of 12 months. Participants were additionally asked to identify a “CarePartner” who was external to their household. The predetermined CarePartner received automated emails with suggestions for how to support disease care for the participant.
Polgreen et al.57	Remote Monitoring and Telehealth	Hypertension	BP	Targeting rural areas, participants were asked to provide 3 days of BP readings for each month of the intervention. Pharmacists certified as hypertension clinicians provided education and recommendations to participants through telephone, email, and text message.
Ralston et al.15	Teleconferencing	Hypertension	BP; medication adherence	Clinical pharmacists met with participants at the beginning of the intervention through teleconferencing to establish an action plan. Clinical pharmacists continued communication by messaging at least once every 2 weeks for the first 2 months, monthly in the fourth through sixth months, and every 3 months for the rest of the study. Participants were additionally provided home BP monitors.
Rosen et al.41	RPM with Videoconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Participants were asked to complete daily check-ins of health status (i.e., medication adherence, health concerns) through a telehealth platform. Participants additionally received weekly videoconferencing from a social worker trained in heart failure coaching.
Simpson et al.53	Videoconferencing (Telestroke)	Stroke	Mortality	This population-level study analyzed billing data and assessed the impact of exposure to the state telestroke network within patients suffering acute ischemic stroke.
Sobhani et al.52	Videoconferencing (Telestroke)	Stroke	Hospitalization; mortality	Hub vascular neurologists provided consultation to network spoke facilities for all patients presenting to the ED with stroke.
Taylor et al.47	Videoconferencing	Hypertension	BP	Physicians and nurse practitioners conducted videoconferencing appointments with patients. Topics discussed included lifestyle modifications and medication adherence.
Updike et al.16	RPM with Videoconferencing	Hypertension	BP	In this intervention, participants received a Bluetooth-enabled BP monitor and were asked to provide daily BP readings. Participants additionally received weekly videoconferencing appointments with pharmacists to discuss their BP readings, goals, and lifestyle modifications.
Wakefield et al.43	RPM with Teleconferencing	Hypertension	Medication adherence	Participants were placed into one of three groups: (1) usual care (control group); (2) low intensity; and (3) high intensity. Both intervention groups manually entered BP and blood glucose into an in-home telehealth device. The high-intensity group received questions and informational tips regarding lifestyle modifications and medications through teleconferencing. The low-intensity group received the questions, but no informational tips. All participants were managed by nurses.
Yuan et al.50	Video and teleconferencing	Heart failure	Hospitalization	Yuan et al. conducted a visit-level analysis comparing in-person, video-based, and telephone-based ambulatory cardiology visits for heart failure.
Zha et al.58	RPM	Hypertension	BP	This randomized control trial provided participants with a Bluetooth-enabled BP monitor that paired with the iHealth MyVitals app, which provided feedback to participants. Community health center nurses, community health workers, and other health care professionals were able to remotely monitor participants' BP.

BP, blood pressure; CPS, clinical pharmacy specialists; ED, emergency department; EHR, electronic health record; IVR, interactive voice response; RDNs, registered dietitians and nutritionists; RPM, remote patient monitoring; RNs, registered nurses.