Table 2.
Benefits and costs of screening strategies over the lifetime.
| Strategy | Total costsa (US$) | QALYsa | Incremental costs (US$) | Incremental QALYs | ICER (US$/QALY) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No screening | 2,275,412 | 2568620.31 | – | – | – |
| Manual LBC (once per lifetime) | 2,929,628 | 2569014.45 | – | – | Dominatedb |
| HPV DNA testing (once per lifetime) | 3,005,208 | 2569082.45 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (once per lifetime) | 2,534,890 | 2569037.53 | 259,479 | 417.22 | 622 |
| Manual LBC (twice once per lifetime) | 3,441,044 | 2569264.54 | – | – | Dominated |
| HPV DNA testing (twice per lifetime) | 3,632,359 | 2569333.42 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (twice per lifetime) | 2,766,351 | 2569293.76 | – | – | Dominated |
| Manual LBC (once every 10 years) | 3,612,554 | 2569484.53 | – | – | Dominated |
| HPV DNA testing (once every 10 years) | 3,910,523 | 2569546.87 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (once every 10 years) | 2,876,080 | 2569514.20 | 341,190 | 476.66 | 716 |
| Manual LBC (once every 5 years) | 5,878,463 | 2569660.00 | – | – | Dominated |
| HPV DNA testing (once every 5 years) | 6,567,703 | 2569691.20 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (once every 5 years) | 4,313,429 | 2569677.73 | 1,437,349 | 163.53 | 8790 |
| Manual LBC (once every 3 years) | 9,497,686 | 2569743.07 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (once every 3 years) | 6,663,760 | 2569750.51 | 2,350,331 | 72.79 | 32,290 |
| HPV DNA testing (once every 3 years) | 10,735,231 | 2569759.44 | 4,071,472 | 8.93 | 456,157 |
| Manual LBC (once every year) | 26,818,228 | 2569767.48 | – | – | Dominated |
| AI-assisted LBC (once every year) | 17,863,654 | 2569767.32 | 7,128,422 | 7.88 | 905,044 |
| HPV DNA testing (once every year) | 30,569,375 | 2569776.04 | 12,705,721 | 8.72 | 1,456,585 |
Abbreviations: AI, artificial intelligence; LBC, liquid-based cytology; QALYs, quality-adjusted-life-years.
a
QALYs and costs are expressed as the present value in 2019 (3% annual discount rate).
b
The strategy that is dominated yields fewer QALYs at higher costs than the comparator.