. 2023 Mar 8;102(6):102630. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102630

Table 5.

Effects of feeding strategies and age on breaking strength, eggshell thickness eggshell weight (after cooking and after 24 h drying), DM eggshell, albumen (%), yolk (%), albumen-to-yolk ratio, and specific gravity.

Item¹	Breaking strength (Newton)	Eggshell thickness (mm)	Albumen (%)	Yolk (%)	Albumen-to-yolk ratio	Eggshell weight after cooking (g)	Eggshell weight after 24 h drying (g)	DM eggshell (%)	Specific gravity (g/cm³)
Feeding strategy
CON	39.2	0.339	56.5	33.4	1.70^b	6.44	5.78	89.9	1.080
TAD	39.4	0.338	56.7	33.2	1.72^a	6.51	5.85	89.9	1.079
SF	39.9	0.342	56.3	33.5	1.69^b	6.48	5.82	89.8	1.079
SEM	0.4	0.002	0.1	0.1	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.1	0.0002
Age
45 WOA	39.9^b	0.339	56.5^ab	33.2^b	1.71^b	6.40^c	5.72^c	89.4^b	1.080^a
50 WOA	41.2^a	0.342	56.8^a	33.0^b	1.73^ab	6.50^ab	5.86^ab	90.1^a	1.081^a
55 WOA	40.1^ab	0.339	56.8^a	32.9^b	1.74^a	6.49^abc	5.84^ab	90.0^a	1.080^a
60 WOA	38.7^bc	0.342	56.1^b	33.8^a	1.67^c	6.55^a	5.90^a	90.1^a	1.078^b
65 WOA	37.6^c	0.338	56.2^b	34.0^a	1.66^c	6.44^bc	5.78^bc	89.8^a	1.079^b
SEM	0.4	0.002	0.1	0.1	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.1	0.0003
P-value
Feeding	0.47	0.31	0.060	0.069	0.022	0.18	0.16	0.77	0.24
Age	<0.0001	0.25	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.032	0.002	<0.001	<0.001
Feeding × Age	0.56	0.67	0.68	0.77	0.81	0.57	0.66	0.30	0.58

Abbreviation: WOA, weeks of age.

^a-c

Means within a column and within a source with no common superscript differ (P ≤ 0.05).

CON = control diet once a day; TAD = twice-a-day feeding: control diet twice a day; SF = split-feeding: special morning and afternoon diets.