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. 2023 Jun 5;54:43. doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01174-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Effect of NDV-induced autophagy on the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. A The mRNA transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-5, and TNF-α after autophagy inhibitors treatment. B and C The mRNA transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-5, TNF-α, ATG16L1 and ATG7 after ATG16L1 or ATG7-specific siRNAs treatment. D The mRNA transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-5, and TNF-α after autophagy promoter treatment. E The mRNA transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, CCL-5, and TNF-α after starvation treatment. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ^*P ≤ 0.05; ^**P ≤ 0.01; ^***P ≤ 0.001. NDV: Newcastle disease virus, CQ: chloroquine, 3-MA: 3-Methyladenine, ATG16L1: autophagy-related protein 16 like protein 1, MOI: Multiplicity of infection.