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. 2023 Jun 5;54:43. doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01174-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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ROS levels and mtDNA copy number in NDV-infected DF-1 cells. A and B DF-1 cells treated with DCFH-DA were assessed for DCF fluorescence by flow cytometry. C ROS levels were measured by DCF fluorescence in NDV-infected or mock-treated DF-1 cells. Shown are the relative ratios of ROS levels at indicated time points. D Changes in copy number of mitochondrial ND1, ND2, ND3, and COXI genes in NDV-infected DF-1 cells. Similar results were obtained from three independent experiments. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. ^*P ≤ 0.05; ^**P ≤ 0.01; ^***P ≤ 0.001. NDV: Newcastle disease virus, CQ: chloroquine, 3-MA: 3-Methyladenine, MOI: Multiplicity of infection.