Table 3. Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction for the Various Graphene Based and Carbonaceous Materials.
| S. No. | photocatalyst | light source | reaction time (h) | catalyst preparation | products CH3OH yield | year | ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GO-3 | 30 W halogen lamp | modified hummers’method | CH3OH (0.172 mmol.gcat–1.h –1) | 2013 | (138) | |
| 2 | Cu-GO-2 | 300 W halogen lamp | simple microwave process | (2.94 μmol.gcat–1 h–1) | 2014 | (139) | |
| 3 | Cu2O-RGO | 500 W Xe lamp | 10 | in situ reduction method | CH3OH 41.5 μmol.g cat-1 | 2014 | (137) |
| 6 | ZnO/RGO | 300 W Xe lamp | 3 | one-pot hydrothermal process | 263.17 μmol.gcat-1 | 2015 | (143) |
| 7 | rGO-CuO | 20 W white LED | 24 | covalent grafting method | 1282 μmol.g–1 | 2016 | (140) |
| 8 | Cu2O/graphene/TNA | 300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm) | sequential electrochemical deposition | 45 μmol.cm–2.h–1 | 2016 | (146) | |
| 9 | CNNA/rGO | 350 W Xe lamp, AM1.5 | ionothermal method | 0.53 μmol.gcat–1.h–1 | 2019 | (144) | |
| 10 | Cu2O/rGO | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 20 | solution-chemistry route | 355.3 mmol.g–1 | 2019 | (148) |
| 11 | O-ZnO/rGO/UiO-66-NH2 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | solvothermal method | 34.83 μmol.g–1.h–1 | 2019 | (147) | |
| 12 | AgCuInS2-G-TiO2 | Halide lamp of 500 W | 48 | hydrothermal method | 15.21%a | 2020 | (149) |
| 13 | CuCaAg2Se-graphene-TiO2 | Metal halide lamp (500 W) | 48 | muffle-assisted hydrothermal method | 16.84%a | 2020 | (150) |
| 14 | LaYAgO4-graphene-TiO2 | Halide lamp of 500 W | 48 | hydrothermal method | 12.27%a (1945.9 mmol.gcat–1) | 2021 | (151) |
| 15 | rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 | 20 W white cold LED light (λ > 400 nm) | 24 | hydrothermal method | 2656 μmol.gcat–1 | 2017 | (152) |
| 16 | TiO2-RGO | high-pressure mercury lamp (250W) | simple chemical method | 2.2 μmol.g–1.h–1 | 2016 | (153) | |
| 17 | Ag2Se-G-TiO2 | metal halide lamp (500 W) | 50 | ultrasonic techniques | 3.5262 μmol.g–1.h–1 | 2017 | (154) |
| 18 | WSe2-graphene | metal halide lamp (500 W) | 48 | ultrasonication and | 5.0278 μmol.g–1.h–1 | 2017 | (155) |
| 19 | NiOx-Ta2O5-rG | 500 W Xe lamp | 48 | hydrothermal method | 20 μmol | 2013 | (156) |
| 20 | rGO-NH2-MIL-125(Ti) | 20 W visible light white cold LED lamp | 24 | - | 47.2 mmol.g–1 | 2020 | (165) |
| 21 | STO/Cu@Ni/SiO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | 4 | coprecipitation. | 76.9 μmol.g–1 | 2023 | (166) |
a
Represented in percentage.