Table 1.

T-EVs regulate macrophage cytokine secretion.

EV source	Key molecules	Mode of action or pathways	Macrophage cell line	Cytokine secretion	Functions	Ref.
Lewis lung cancer cell	EGFR	Activating MEKK2	Peritoneal macrophage	IFN-β↓	Suppressing innate antiviral immunity	57
Lung cancer cell	TRIM59	Promoting ABHD5 proteasomal degradation and inducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation	THP-1	IL-1β↑	Promoting tumor progression	64
Hypoxic lung tumor cell	miR-101	CDK8	THP-1 & U937	IL-1A↑ IL-6↑	Inducing inflammation in the TME	65
Lewis lung carcinoma cell	/	/	Peritoneal macrophage	IL-6↑ IL-10↑	/	66
Breast cancer cell	/	gp130/STAT3	BMDM	IL-6↑	Establishing a pro-tumorigenic TME	67
Lung cancer cell	miR-21/miR-29a	TLR8/NF-κB	RAW 264.7	IL-6↑ TNF-α↑	Promoting tumor growth and dissemination	68
Colorectal cancer cell	IRF-2	/	RAW 264.7	VEGFC↑	Promoting tumor metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes	69
Breast cancer cell	miR-183-5p	PPP2CA/NF-κB	BMDM	IL-1β↑ IL-6↑ TNF-α↑	Promoting tumor progression	70
Breast cancer cell	Annexin II	p38MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3	Macrophage	IL-6↑ TNF-α↑	Promoting tumor metastasis to brain	71
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell	lncRNA TUC339	/	THP-1	IL-1β↓ TNF-α↓	/	36
Hypoxic ESCC cell	hsa-circ-0048117	miR-140/TLR4	THP-1	Arg-1↑ IL-10↑ TGF-β↑	Promoting tumor invasion and metastasis	40
Pancreatic cancer cell	AA	/	THP-1	IL-1β↑ IL-6↑ MCP-1↑ MMP-9↑ PGE2↑ TNF-α↑ VEGF↑	Promoting tumor progression	54
PDAC cell	MIF	/	Human Kupffer cell	TGF-β↑ Fibronectin↑	Promoting pre-metastatic niche formation and liver metastasis	72
Melanoma cell	miR-125b-5p	Lysosomal acid lipase A (LIPA)	THP-1	IL-1β↑ CCL1↑ CCL2↑	/	73