Table 4. Bivariate Association Between Hypertension Determinants and Medication Adherence Among Patients (N = 450) in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019a .
| Parameter | Frequency in adherent patients (n = 115), MMAS-8 score 8 or 7 | Frequency in nonadherent patients (n = 335), MMAS-8 score ≤6 | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment not affordable (n = 223) | 45 (20.2) | 178 (79.8) | 2.54 (1.54–5.03) | .002 |
| Uncontrolled hypertension (n = 327) | 91 (27.8) | 236 (72.2) | 3.03 (1.74–5.29) | <.001 |
| Family history (n = 186) | 44 (23.7) | 142 (76.3) | 2.02 (0.57–3.24) | .09 |
| Comorbidities (n = 294)b | 61 (20.7) | 233 (79.3) | 0.62 (0.39–0.94) | .01 |
| Education (Yes) (n = 147) | 81 (55.1) | 66 (44.9) | 0.64 (0.41–0.97) | .03 |
| Female sex (n = 197) | 37 (18.8) | 160 (81.2) | 1.44 (1.02–2.96) | .003 |
| Adequate counseling by clinician (n = 395) | 108 (27.3) | 287 (72.7) | 0.31 (0.18–0.54) | <.001 |
| Urban residence (n = 332) | 88 (26.5) | 244 (73.5) | 1.42 (0.93–2.19) | .12 |
| Wait time >60 min for appointment (n = 251) | 31 (12.4) | 220 (87.6) | 2.93 (1.32–4.84) | .005 |
Abbreviation: MMAS-8, 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.
a
For bivariate analysis, we categorized frequency of determinants among patients reporting good adherence (MMAS-8 score 7 or 8) and those reporting moderate or nonadherence (MMAS-8 score ≤6) to antihypertension therapy. Values are number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Comorbidites assessed were diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and obesity.