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. 2023 Jun 5;45(3):389–410. doi: 10.1007/s00281-023-00994-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Interaction between platelets and immune cells. An intense cross-talk between platelets and immune cells takes place during ischemic stroke and the subsequent neuroinflammatory cascade. Platelets, especially after activation, express multiple receptors, enabling them to interact with immune cells in the peripheral blood. P-selectin on the platelet surface interacts with PSGL-1 on neutrophils, monocytes and activated T cells, leading to recruitment of additional immune cells followed by transmigration through membranes. CD40L mainly interacts with its correspondent receptor CD40 on neutrophils and B cells, resulting in recruitment, migration and trafficking of immune cells. The interaction between GPIbɑ and Mac-1 on monocytes and activated macrophages subsequently leads to a “rolling” behavior of the affected cells, facilitating adhesion to the endothelial surface as well as transmigration. Additionally, activated platelets secrete a plethora of signaling molecules including chemoattractants, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators. Abbreviations: CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CD, cluster of differentiation; GP, glycoprotein; IL, interleukin; Mac-1, macrophage-1 antigen; PF, platelet factor; PSGL, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand; TGF, tumor growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Created with BioRender.com