Fig. 1.

Overview of vaccination in cirrhosis focused on future developments: Vaccination technology and platforms.

Vaccine responses in cirrhosis are reduced as a consequence of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction; moreover, the consequences of infection are greater in these patients with higher rates of organ failure and mortality. Several advances in vaccine therapeutics may positively influence outcomes in patients with cirrhosis, such as: personalised vaccine therapy using systems biology approaches, novel vaccine platforms (e.g. mRNA technology), greater understanding of vaccine adjuvants, and modulation of inflammatory response (e.g. albumin or gut microbiome-directed therapeutics).