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. 2023 Jun 5;13:9081. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35641-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mosquito collecting site The mosquito collecting sites were selected based on the incidence of malaria cases. The number of malaria patients per 100,000 was used to divide hyperendemic (HyperE) and hypoendemic (HypoE) areas. The collecting site were determined using statistics of malaria patients. The analysis could have improperly accounted for habitat or ecology since each region was not ecologically analyzed. Hypoendemic areas 1 and 2 were selected as areas near the hyperendemic area among the places where malaria did not occur to assess the impact of epidemiology rather than geographical features of the microbiome profile of mosquitoes (HyperE-1: 348-19, Daemari Myojang-ro, Cheorwon-eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do HyperE-2: 439-3 Guam-ri, Nam-myeon, Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do HyperE-3: 31, Dodaero 12beon-gil, Daegwang-ri, Sinseo-myeon, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do HyperE-4: JSA Daeseong-dong Civil Service Class, Josan-ri, Gunnae-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do HyperE-5: 119, Tongilchon-gil, Baekyeon-ri, Gunnae-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do HyperE-6: 10, Samsanbuk-ro 437beon-gil, Seokmori, Samsan-myeon, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon HyperE-7: 134 Yeonmijeong-gil, Wolgot-ri, Ganghwa-eup, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon HyperE-8: 83-23, Yulsaeng-ro, Daegot-myeon, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do HypoE-1: 564 Cheongna-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon HypoE-2: 283-2, Sinjeop-ri, Buknae-myeon, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do HypoE-3: Mountain 110, Seonyo-ri, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do HypoE-4: 36, Hakdong-gil, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do).