Table 2.
Results of factors associated between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea.
| Variables | Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Smoking behavior | ||||||
| Non–smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Ex–smoker | 1.53* | (1.01–2.32) | 1.62 | (0.66–3.97) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.79* | (1.10–2.89) | 1.66 | (0.60–4.57) | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 40–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 50–59 | 8.34* | (4.63–15.03) | 4.72* | (2.38–9.37) | ||
| 60–69 | 6.97* | (4.01–12.11) | 5.27* | (2.70–10.29) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 6.50* | (3.56–11.88) | 4.16* | (1.80–9.63) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Single, widow | 0.68 | (0.34–1.34) | 0.65 | (0.42–0.99) | ||
| Divorced, separated | 0.64 | (0.35–1.15) | 0.65 | (0.37–1.13) | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Middle school or below | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| High school | 0.74 | (0.45–1.23) | 1.20 | (0.78–1.84) | ||
| College or over | 0.88 | (0.49–1.59) | 1.14 | (0.64–2.00) | ||
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Mid–low | 1.24 | (0.70–2.17) | 0.80 | (0.50–1.27) | ||
| Mid–high | 1.24 | (0.72–2.11) | 0.76 | (0.51–1.13) | ||
| High | 1.27 | (0.69–2.35) | 0.70 | (0.42–1.19) | ||
| Region | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rural | 1.19 | (0.74–1.92) | 1.13 | (0.74–1.73) | ||
| Occupational categories | ||||||
| White | 1.12 | (0.64–1.97) | 0.77 | (0.38–1.59) | ||
| Pink | 0.77 | (0.40–1.48) | 1.07 | (0.63–1.80) | ||
| Blue | 0.84 | (0.55–1.29) | 0.79 | (0.52–1.20) | ||
| Inoccupation | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| High–risk drinking | ||||||
| No–drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Low–risk drinker | 0.90 | (0.39–2.07) | 0.95 | (0.64–1.42) | ||
| High–risk drinker | 1.15 | (0.47–2.84) | 0.77 | (0.34–1.73) | ||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Inactive | 1.05 | (0.71–1.55) | 1.12 | (0.79–1.58) | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight and normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Overweight | 1.19 | (0.80–1.75) | 1.55 | (0.96–2.52) | ||
| Obesity of stage 1 | 1.41 | (0.93–2.15) | 2.27* | (1.52–3.40) | ||
| Obesity of stage 2&3 | 3.44* | (1.17–10.09) | 3.33* | (1.84–6.03) | ||
| Status of hypertension | ||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Warning | 1.20 | (0.67–2.16) | 1.26 | (0.57–2.78) | ||
| Pre–hypertension | 1.38 | (0.85–2.23) | 1.31 | (0.64–2.70) | ||
| Hypertension of stage 1 | 18.92* | (8.61–41.58) | 10.51* | (5.98–18.47) | ||
| Hypertension of stage 2 | 29.38* | (16.65–51.85) | 10.83* | (6.12–19.17) | ||
| Status of diabetes | ||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Pre–diabetes | 1.10 | (0.72–1.68) | 0.88 | (0.60–1.30) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.02 | (0.60–1.68) | 1.18 | (0.72–1.93) | ||
| Allergic rhinitis history | ||||||
| Yes | 1.44 | (0.76–2.73) | 1.72 | (0.95–3.10) | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Life disturbance due to Rhinitis | ||||||
| Yes | 1.89* | (1.03–3.47) | 0.88 | (0.49–1.56 | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
*Statistically significant in men or women.