Table 1.
Characteristics for all patients and stratified by the year of androgen deprivation therapy initiation.
| All patients | 1993–2000 | 2001–2007 | 2008–2014 | 2015–2021 | P value between groups | P for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients, N | 13,537 | 1134 | 3017 | 4641 | 4745 | NA | NA | |
| Follow-up duration, years | 4.7 ± 4.3 | 5.7 ± 6.6 | 6.5 ± 5.6 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Age, years | 75.5 ± 8.5 | 74.9 ± 7.8 | 75.2 ± 7.8 | 75.7 ± 8.5 | 75.8 ± 9.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Medical castration, N (%) | 8178 (60.4) | 126 (11.1) | 1213 (40.2) | 2768 (59.6) | 4071 (85.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Bilateral orchidectomy, N (%) | 6593 (48.7) | 1034 (91.2) | 2075 (68.8) | 2326 (50.1) | 1158 (24.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Duration of ADT, daysa | 891 ± 905 | 842 ± 1160 | 1066 ± 1287 | 1116 ± 1026 | 687 ± 558 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 3624 (26.8) | 123 (10.9) | 549 (18.2) | 1293 (27.9) | 1659 (35.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 2886 (21.3) | 87 (7.7) | 484 (16.0) | 1014 (21.9) | 1301 (27.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Dyslipidaemia, N (%) | 1270 (9.4) | 9 (0.8) | 97 (3.2) | 364 (7.8) | 800 (16.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Chronic kidney disease, N (%) | 452 (3.3) | 18 (1.6) | 70 (2.3) | 177 (3.8) | 187 (3.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Chronic liver disease, N (%) | 146 (1.1) | 5 (0.4) | 14 (0.5) | 56 (1.2) | 71 (1.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Stroke, N (%) | 1216 (9.0) | 42 (3.7) | 221 (7.3) | 424 (9.1) | 529 (11.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Myocardial infarction, N (%) | 427 (3.2) | 9 (0.8) | 73 (2.4) | 156 (3.4) | 189 (4.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease, N (%) | 1407 (10.4) | 76 (6.7) | 260 (8.6) | 507 (10.9) | 564 (11.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Heart failure, N (%) | 695 (5.1) | 35 (3.1) | 116 (3.8) | 278 (6.0) | 266 (5.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Anaemia, N (%) | 966 (7.1) | 34 (3.0) | 112 (3.7) | 418 (9.0) | 402 (8.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation, N (%) | 610 (4.5) | 24 (2.1) | 90 (3.0) | 212 (4.6) | 284 (6.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| COPD, N (%) | 804 (5.9) | 53 (4.7) | 193 (6.4) | 316 (6.8) | 242 (5.1) | 0.001 | 0.341 | |
| Known malignancy, N (%) | 1003 (13.3) | 130 (11.5) | 403 (13.4) | 701 (15.1) | 569 (12.0) | <0.001 | 0.558 | |
| Prior PCI, N (%) | 432 (3.2) | 6 (0.5) | 47 (1.6) | 157 (3.4) | 222 (4.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Prior CABG, N (%) | 55 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 10 (0.3) | 17 (0.4) | 27 (0.6) | 0.088 | 0.015 | |
| Prior radiotherapy, N (%) | 493 (3.6) | 69 (6.1) | 105 (3.5) | 199 (4.3) | 120 (2.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Prior RP, N (%) | 3735 (27.6) | 536 (47.3) | 1071 (35.5) | 1206 (26.0) | 922 (19.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Prior chemotherapy, N (%) | 61 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | 47 (1.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received radiotherapy, N (%) | 3114 (23.0) | 328 (28.9) | 799 (26.5) | 1294 (27.9) | 693 (14.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received RP, N (%) | 4601 (34.0) | 603 (53.2) | 1286 (42.6) | 1456 (31.4) | 1256 (26.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received chemotherapy, N (%) | 1311 (9.7) | 9 (0.8) | 121 (4.0) | 416 (9.0) | 765 (16.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received first-generation ARSI, N (%) | 4239 (31.5) | 92 (8.4) | 663 (22.1) | 1377 (29.7) | 2107 (44.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received second-generation ARSI, N (%) | 1582 (11.7) | 3 (0.3) | 77 (2.6) | 563 (12.1) | 939 (19.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Ever received chemotherapy or ARSI, N (%) | 5116 (37.8) | 101 (8.9) | 724 (24.0) | 1638 (35.3) | 2653 (55.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of cardiovascular medications | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of antidiabetic medications | 0.30 ± 0.73 | 0.05 ± 0.28 | 0.21 ± 0.57 | 0.32 ± 0.74 | 0.40 ± 0.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| ACEI/ARB users, N (%) | 3383 (25.0) | 23 (2.0) | 481 (15.9) | 1303 (28.1) | 1576 (33.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Beta-blocker users, N (%) | 4130 (30.5) | 42 (3.7) | 696 (23.1) | 1638 (35.3) | 1754 (37.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Dihydropyridine CCB users, N (%) | 5396 (39.9) | 58 (5.1) | 886 (29.4) | 2058 (44.3) | 2394 (50.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB users, N (%) | 575 (4.3) | 11 (1.0) | 134 (4.4) | 226 (4.9) | 201 (4.3) | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Metformin users, N (%) | 1480 (10.9) | 14 (1.2) | 194 (6.4) | 584 (12.6) | 688 (14.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Sulphonylurea users, N (%) | 1744 (12.9) | 29 (2.6) | 347 (11.5) | 661 (14.2) | 707 (14.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| DPP4 inhibitor users, N (%) | 150 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 29 (0.6) | 121 (2.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| GLP1 receptor agonist users, N (%) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.829 | 0.423 | |
| Insulin users, N (%) | 722 (5.3) | 10 (0.9) | 90 (3.0) | 222 (4.8) | 400 (8.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet users, N (%) | 2962 (21.9) | 43 (3.8) | 531 (17.6) | 1112 (24.0) | 1276 (27.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Anticoagulant users, N (%) | 458 (3.4) | 3 (0.3) | 58 (1.9) | 148 (3.2) | 249 (5.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Corticosteroid users, N (%) | 2342 (17.3) | 29 (2.6) | 510 (16.9) | 933 (20.1) | 870 (18.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| With available total cholesterol, HDL-C, and HbA1c levels, N (%) | 3940 (29.1) | 5 (0.4) | 265 (8.8) | 1220 (26.3) | 2450 (51.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Total cholesterol | Available, N (%) | 6727 (49.7) | 28 (2.5) | 806 (26.7) | 2458 (53.0) | 3435 (72.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Level, mmol/L | 4.41 ± 1.01 | 5.25 ± 2.20 | 4.79 ± 0.95 | 4.56 ± 1.01 | 4.21 ± 0.96 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| HDL-C | Available, N (%) | 6478 (47.9) | 15 (1.3) | 626 (20.8) | 2415 (52.0) | 3422 (72.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Level, mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 1.27 ± 0.37 | 1.28 ± 0.37 | 0.335 | 0.299 | |
| HbA1c | Available, N (%) | 4295 (31.7) | 22 (1.9) | 403 (13.4) | 1320 (28.4) | 2550 (53.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Level, % | 6.49 ± 1.16 | 7.85 ± 1.76 | 6.94 ± 1.46 | 6.64 ± 1.18 | 6.33 ± 1.06 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ARSI androgen receptor signaling inhibitor, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CCB calcium channel blocker, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLP1 glucagon-like peptide-1, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NA not applicable, RP radical prostatectomy.
aOnly including patients who received medical castration