Table 4.
Patient and physican-level predictors of receipt of late PVI
| Covariate | N=156,372 | Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Patient-level characteristics | |||
| Early PVI for Claudication | |||
| Yes | 5,155 (3.30) | 7.66 (7.20, 8.15) | 6.89 (6.42, 7.40) |
| No | 151,217 (96.70) | Ref | Ref |
| Age (years) | |||
| ≤64 | 20,528 (13.13) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) |
| 65–74 | 81,838 (52.34) | Ref | Ref |
| 75–84 | 42,568 (27.22) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.82) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.87) |
| 85–94 | 11,033 (7.06) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 0.59 (0.52, 0.67) |
| ≥95 | 405 (0.26) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.79) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.12) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 68,504 (43.81) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.77) | 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) |
| Male | 87,868 (56.19) | Ref | Ref |
| Race | |||
| White | 127,738 (81.69) | Ref | Ref |
| Black | 16,556 (10.59) | 1.32 (1.23, 1.42) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.30) |
| Asian | 2,942 (1.88) | 0.54 (0.42, 0.69) | 0.50 (0.37, 0.67) |
| Hispanic | 3,709 (2.37) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.50) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.40) |
| North America Native | 771 (0.49) | 1.40 (1.04, 1.89) | 1.30 (0.95, 1.76) |
| Other/unknown | 4,656 (2.98) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| ESRD | 4,295 (2.75) | 2.75 (2.50, 3.03) | 2.52 (2.25, 2.82) |
| Diabetes | 63,355 (40.52) | 1.59 (1.51, 1.67) | 1.49 (1.42, 1.57) |
| Hypertension | 137,055 (87.65) | 1.45 (1.33, 1.58) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28) |
| Smoking | 67,599 (43.23) | 1.46 (1.39, 1.53) | 1.27 (1.20, 1.34) |
| Population density of residence | |||
| Urban | 123,959 (79.27) | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 32,413 (20.73) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
| Census region of residence | |||
| Midwest | 31,977 (20.45) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) |
| North East | 25,553 (16.34) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) | 0.87 (0.65, 1.15) |
| South | 77,769 (49.73) | Ref | Ref |
| West | 20,824 (13.32) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.24) | 1.47 (1.02, 2.13) |
| Other | 249 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.09, 0.87) | 0.50 (0.13, 1.96) |
|
| |||
| Physician-level characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 150,744 (96.40) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 5,628 (3.60) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.21) |
| Years since medical school graduation | |||
| <10 | 8,061 (5.16) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.21) |
| 11–20 | 51,307 (32.81) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) |
| 21–30 | 55,736 (35.64) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.98, 0.90, 1.08) |
| ≥31 | 41,268 (26.39) | Ref | Ref |
| Census region of practice location | |||
| Midwest | 31,350 (20.05) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) |
| Northeast | 25,380 (16.23) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.42) |
| South | 78,481 (50.19) | Ref | Ref |
| West | 20,990 (13.42) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.18) |
| Other | 171 (0.11) | 0.14 (0.02, 0.96) | 0.30 (0.03, 2.71) |
| Population density of practice location | |||
| Urban | 144,699 (92.54) | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 11,673 (7.46) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) |
| Primary specialty | |||
| Vascular surgery | 50,066 (32.02) | Ref | Ref |
| Cardiology | 81,870 (52.36) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
| General surgery | 6,586 (4.21) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) |
| Radiology | 11,631 (7.44) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.85) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 3,464 (2.22) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) |
| Other | 2,755 (1.76) | 1.04 (0.68, 0.85) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) |
| No. of patients diagnosed with new claudication during study period | |||
| ≤17 | 26,366 (16.86) | Ref | Ref |
| 18–28 | 36,864 (23.57) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| ≥29 | 93,142 (59.56) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) |
| Percentage of services delivered in ASC or OBL | |||
| 0%–24% | 34,601 (22.13) | Ref | Ref |
| 25%–51% | 38,127 (24.38) | 1.32 (1.22, 1.42) | 1.27 (1.16, 1.39) |
| 52%–74% | 42,660 (27.28) | 1.43 (1.32, 1.54) | 1.38 (1.25, 1.52) |
| 75%–100% | 40,984 (26.21) | 1.55 (1.44, 1.67) | 1.57 (1.41, 1.75) |
ESRD, end stage renal disease; ASC, ambulatory surgery center; OBL, office based laboratory