TABLE 1.
Autophagy modulators in clinical trial studies
| Cancer Type | Drug | Effect on autophagy | Mode of action | Clinical trial phase | Identifer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatocellular cancer | Rapamycin | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01079767 |
| Everolimus | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | ІІІ | NCT01035229 | |
| Sorafenib | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | ІІІ | NCT00492752 | |
| Breast cancer | CQ | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT01023477 |
| HCQ | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01292408 | |
| CQ plus taxane | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01446016 | |
| HCQ plus ixabepilone | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT00765765 | |
| PF‐04691502 | ↑ | PI3K inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01430585 | |
| Triciribine | ↑ | ІІ | NCT01697293 | ||
| Rapamycin plus trastuzumab | ↑ | mTORC1inhibitor | ІІ | NCT00411788 | |
| Colorectal cancer | HCQ plus FOLFOX and bevacizumab | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT01206530 |
| HCQ plus vorinostat | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT02316340 | |
| Everolimus | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT00522665 | |
| MK‐2206 | ↑ | AKT inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01186705 | |
| Metformin plus 5‐FU | ↑ | AMPK activator | ІІ | NCT01941953 | |
| Ovarian cancer | Temsirolimus | ↑ | ІІ | NCT01460979 | |
| Everolimus plus bevacizumab | ↑ | mTORC1 inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01031381 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | HCQ | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01273805 |
| HCQ plus nucleoside analog gemcitabine | ↓ | Lysosome inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT01128296 | |
| NVPBEZ235 | ↑ | PI3K inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01628913 | |
| Metformin plus chemotherapy | ↑ | AMPK activator | ІІ | NCT01210911 | |
| Prostate cancer | HCQ | ↓ | ІІ | NCT00726596 | |
| HCQ plus docetaxel | ↓ | ІІ | NCT00786682 | ||
| Vinblastine | ↓ | ІІ | NCT00003084 | ||
| Everolimus | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | ІІ | NCT00657982 | |
| Everolimus plus pasireotide | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | ІІ | NCT01313559 | |
| Everolimus plus paclitaxel | ↑ | mTOR inhibitor | І, ІІ | NCT00574769 | |
| Metformin | ↑ | AMPK activator | ІІ | NCT01433913 | |
| Myeloma | HCQ plus rapamycin | ↓ | Early phase І | NCT01396200 | |
| Multiple myeloma | HCQ plus cyclophosphamide andbortezomib | ↓ | ІІ | NCT01438177 | |
| Multiple myeloma and plasma cell neoplasm | HCQ plus bortizomib | ↓ | І | NCT00568880 | |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | HCQ plus mitoxantrone and etoposide | ↓ | І | NCT02631252 | |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | HCQ plus imatinibmesylate | ↓ | ІІ | NCT01227135 | |
| Multiple myeloma | HCQ plus rapamycin, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone | ↓ | І | NCT01689987 |
Abbreviations: 5‐FU, 5‐Fluorouracil; CQ, chloroquine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine.