Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study participants according to multimorbidity.
| Variables | Total participants (n=38,807) | No NCDsa (n=14,918) | 1 NCD (n=12,990) | 2 NCDs (n=7285) | ≥3 NCDs (n=3614) | P value | |
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 55.6 (12.2) | 52.2 (12.7) | 52.3 (11.7) | 58.6 (11.0) | 60.8 (9.9) | <.001 | |
| Gender, women, n (%) | 23,453 (60.4) | 9552 (64) | 7623 (58.7) | 4200 (57.6) | 2078 (57.5) | <.001 | |
| Educational level, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Elementary school or below | 17,366 (44.8) | 5912 (39.6) | 5869 (45.2) | 3592 (49.3) | 1993 (55.2) |
|
|
|
Junior high school | 15,457 (39.8) | 6408 (43) | 5241 (40.3) | 2643 (36.3) | 1165 (32.2) |
|
|
|
Senior high school or above | 5984 (15.4) | 2598 (17.4) | 1880 (14.5) | 1050 (14.4) | 456 (12.6) |
|
| Marital status, living alone, n (%) | 3979 (10.3) | 1335 (8.9) | 1314 (10.1) | 884 (12.1) | 446 (12.3) | <.001 | |
| Average monthly income, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
<500 RMB (<US $72.4) | 13,825 (35.6) | 4949 (33.2) | 4693 (36.1) | 2705 (37.1) | 1478 (40.9) |
|
|
|
500-1000 RMB (US $72.4-144.8) | 12,778 (32.9) | 4966 (33.3) | 4251 (32.7) | 2482 (34.1) | 1079 (29.9) |
|
|
|
≥1000 RMB (≥US $144.8) | 12,204 (31.5) | 5003 (33.5) | 4046 (31.2) | 2098 (28.8) | 1057 (29.2) |
|
| Physical activity, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Low | 12,544 (32.3) | 4126 (27.7) | 4132 (31.8) | 2699 (37.1) | 1587 (43.9) |
|
|
|
Moderate | 14,631 (37.7) | 5899 (39.5) | 4905 (37.8) | 2587 (35.5) | 1240 (34.3) |
|
|
|
High | 11,632 (30) | 4893 (32.8) | 3953 (30.4) | 1999 (27.4) | 787 (21.8) |
|
| Smoking, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Never | 28,225 (72.7) | 11,180 (75) | 9319 (71.7) | 5147 (70.6) | 2579 (71.4) |
|
|
|
Former | 3131 (8.1) | 901 (6) | 1019 (7.9) | 726 (10) | 485 (13.4) |
|
|
|
Current | 7451 (19.2) | 2837 (19) | 2652 (20.4) | 1412 (19.4) | 550 (15.2) |
|
| Drinking, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Never | 29,981 (77.3) | 11,860 (79.5) | 9958 (76.7) | 5463 (75) | 2700 (74.7) |
|
|
|
Former | 1794 (4.6) | 523 (3.5) | 549 (4.2) | 432 (5.9) | 290 (8) |
|
|
|
Current | 7032 (18.1) | 2535 (17) | 2483 (19.1) | 1390 (19.1) | 624 (17.3) |
|
| High-salt diet, n (%) | 6937 (17.9) | 2609 (17.5) | 2319 (17.9) | 1351 (18.6) | 658 (18.2) | .008 | |
| More vegetable and fruit intake, n (%) | 16,183 (41.7) | 6541 (43.8) | 5367 (41.3) | 2880 (39.5) | 1395 (38.6) | <.001 | |
| High-fat diet, n (%) | 7421 (19.1) | 3136 (21) | 2447 (18.8) | 1263 (17.3) | 575 (15.9) | <.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.8 (3.6) | 23.51 (3.2) | 25.03 (3.4) | 26.2 (3.6) | 27.0 (3.5) | <.001 | |
aNCD: noncommunicable disease.