Table 3.
The associating factors of 1 noncommunicable disease (NCD) and multimorbidity.
| Variables | 1 NCD | 2 NCDs | ≥3 NCDs | ||||
|
|
|
ORa (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Age (years) | |||||||
|
|
18-44 | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
45-59 | 1.7 (1.6-1.8) | <.001 | 2.5 (2.3-2.7) | <.001 | 3.5 (3.0-4.1) | <.001 |
|
|
≥60 | 2.6 (2.4-2.8) | <.001 | 5.2 (4.7-5.8) | <.001 | 10.7 (9.1-12.7) | <.001 |
| Gender, women | 0.8 (0.7-0.8) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.7-0.8) | <.001 | 0.7 (0.6-0.8) | <.001 | |
| Educational level | |||||||
|
|
Elementary school or below | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
Junior high school | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .53 | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | .005 | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | <.001 |
|
|
Senior high school or above | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .24 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .64 | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | .08 |
| Marital status, living alone | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | .08 | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | <.001 | 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | .007 | |
| Average monthly income | |||||||
|
|
<500 RMB (<US $72.4) | 1.00 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
500-1000 RMB (US $72.4-144.8) | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .08 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .75 | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | <.001 |
|
|
≥1000 RMB (≥US $144.8) | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .28 | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | .12 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .42 |
| Physical activity | |||||||
|
|
Low | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
Moderate | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.7-0.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (0.6-0.7) | <.001 |
|
|
High | 0.8 (0.7-0.8) | <.001 | 0.6 (0.6-0.7) | <.001 | 0.4 (0.4-0.5) | <.001 |
| Smoking | |||||||
|
|
Never | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
Former | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .52 | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) | .26 | 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | .02 |
|
|
Current | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .51 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .62 | 0.8 (0.7-0.9) | <.001 |
| Drinking | |||||||
|
|
Never | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
Former | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | .75 | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | <.001 | 1.8 (1.5-2.1) | <.001 |
|
|
Current | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | .07 | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | .006 | 1.1 (1.1-1.3) | .047 |
| High-salt diet | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) | .70 | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | .26 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .55 | |
| More vegetable and fruit intake | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .10 | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .13 | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | .43 | |
| High-fat diet | 0.9 (0.9-0.9) | .03 | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | .004 | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | .009 | |
| BMI | |||||||
|
|
Underweight | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | <.001 | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | <.001 | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | <.001 |
|
|
Normal | 1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
Overweight | 2.0 (1.9-2.1) | <.001 | 3.0 (2.8-3.2) | <.001 | 4.4 (4.0-4.9) | <.001 |
|
|
Obesity | 3.3 (3.1-3.6) | <.001 | 7.8 (7.1-8.6) | <.001 | 14.8 (13.1-16.6) | <.001 |
| Family history of hypertension | 1.4 (1.3-1.5) | <.001 | 1.9 (1.8-2.1) | <.001 | 2.7 (2.4-2.9) | <.001 | |
| Family history of diabetes | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | .04 | 1.4 (1.2-1.6) | <.001 | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) | <.001 | |
| Family history of CHDb | 1.0 (1.0-1.1) | .41 | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | .29 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | .27 | |
| Family history of hyperlipemia | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | .20 | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | .77 | 1.1 (0.9-1.4) | .33 | |
| Family history of stroke | 1.0 (0.9-1.0) | .25 | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | .02 | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) | .36 | |
| Family history of gout | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | .61 | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | .47 | 0.8 (0.3-1.9) | .55 | |
aOR: odds ratio.
bCHD: coronary heart disease.