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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2023 Mar 23;80(5):e75–e89. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000227

Figure 1. Physiological roles of the RAAS in healthy and pathological pregnancies.

Figure 1.

A, Expression and actions of the major RAAS components during healthy pregnancy. B, Expression and actions of the major RAAS components during pathological pregnancies, including preeclampsia and placental insufficiency. Ang indicates angiotensin; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor; AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor; AT1R-AA, angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody; BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; PlGF, placental growth factor; PRA, plasma renin activity; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; and VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.