Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 4,000)

Variables	Descriptive statistics
Age (years)	72.49 ± 5.18, range [65, 98]
Sex
Male	2,000 (50.00%)
Female	2,000 (50.00%)
Education
Some primary school	2,137 (53.43%)
Primary school (graduated)	533 (13.33%)
Some secondary school	480 (12.00%)
Secondary school (graduated)	434 (10.85%)
Some postsecondary education	75 (1.88%)
Postsecondary education (graduated)	333 (8.33%)
Some graduate education	0
Graduate school (graduated)	8 (0.20%)
Subjective social status	4.55 ± 1.90, range [1, 10]
Marital status
Married or in marriage-like relationship	2,829 (70.73%)
Other (e.g., single, divorced, widowed)	1,171 (29.28%)
Living status
Alone  With others	546 (13.65%) 3,454 (86.35%)
Housework	1.69 ± .94, range [0, 6]
Days survived	4933.34 ± 1519.45 days, range [29, 6378] (~ 13.52 ± 4.16 years, range [.08, 17.47])
Cognitive functioning #	30.19 ± 2.03, range [16.35, 33.45]
Physical health #	48.56 ± 8.43, range [11.54, 67.19]
Mental health #	55.44 ± 7.29, range [14.38, 69.53]

Notes. Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation

# Higher scores indicate better functioning/health