TABLE 2.

Longitudinal/prediction: Early NDPs at age 0.5‐3 years in children screening positive versus negative for ARFID at age 4—7 years

Predictors age 0.5—3 years	Outcome age 4—7 years
	ARFID (n = 49)		No ARFID (n = 3679)		Logistic regression
	N	%	N	%	OR (95% CI)	p	Q a
NDP risk score b
Continuous (range 0—44)	M = 4.54, SD = 7.37, Md = 2		M = 1.91, SD = 3.25, Md = 1		1.11 (1.07, 1.16)	<0.0001	—
>80th percentile (score ≥ 3)	16	33.3	620	17.0	2.45 (1.33, 4.49)	0.0038	—
>90th percentile (score ≥ 5)	10	20.8	314	8.6	2.80 (1.38, 5.67)	0.0043	—
>95th percentile (score ≥ 8)	7	14.6	180	4.9	3.30 (1.46, 7.45)	0.0041	—
>99th percentile (score ≥ 17)	4	8.3	39	1.1	8.43 (2.89, 24.60)	0.0001	—
Specific NDPs
ESSENCE‐Q (age 2.5 years)
Attention/concentration	13	27.7	291	8.3	4.22 (2.20, 8.09)	<0.0001	0.0001
Social interaction	8	17.4	210	6.0	3.30 (1.52, 7.17)	0.0025	0.0138
Feeding	23	50.0	1019	29.0	2.45 (1.37, 4.39)	0.0026	0.0081
General development	9	19.6	258	7.4	3.06 (1.46, 6.41)	0.0030	0.0081
Communication/language	13	28.3	464	13.2	2.58 (1.35, 4.94)	0.0042	0.0081
Sleep	11	23.9	364	10.4	2.71 (1.36, 5.38)	0.0044	0.0081
Motor development/milestones	4	8.7	130	3.7	2.47 (0.87, 6.99)	0.0886	0.1392
Behaviour (e.g., repetitive)	4	8.7	151	4.3	2.11 (0.75, 5.96)	0.1585	0.1879
Mood	7	15.2	324	9.3	1.76 (0.78, 3.97)	0.1720	0.1879
Sensory reactions	2	4.4	59	1.7	2.65 (0.63, 11.20)	0.1842	0.1879
Activity or impulsivity	8	17.4	391	11.2	1.68 (0.78, 3.62)	0.1879	0.1879
ASQ‐3 domains (ages 0.5—3 years) c
Personal‐social skills	5	11.4	66	2.0	6.45 (2.46, 16.89)	0.0001	0.0005
Communication skills	6	13.3	97	2.9	5.19 (2.15, 12.55)	0.0003	0.0008
Problem‐solving skills	8	17.4	241	7.1	2.75 (1.27, 5.96)	0.0103	0.0172
Gross motor skills	6	13.0	253	7.4	1.88 (0.79, 4.47)	0.1548	0.1935
Fine motor skills	5	10.6	216	6.3	1.77 (0.69, 4.51)	0.2347	0.2347
ASQ‐3 risk score over time d
0.5 years	—	—	—	—	1.01 (0.87, 1.18)	0.8503	0.8503
1 year	—	—	—	—	1.15 (0.98, 1.35)	0.0933	0.1120
1.5 years	—	—	—	—	1.21 (1.05, 1.40)	0.0070	0.0105
2 years	—	—	—	—	1.26 (1.12, 1.42)	0.0002	0.0006
2.5 years	—	—	—	—	1.24 (1.11, 1.38)	0.0001	0.0006
3 years	—	—	—	—	1.17 (1.04, 1.32)	0.0102	0.0105

Abbreviations: ASQ‐3, Ages and Stages Questionnaire; ESSENCE‐Q, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations Questionnaire; NDPs, Neurodevelopmental problems.

^a Q‐values are the false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted p values using the Benjamini & Hochberg method (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995; Benjamini & Yekutieli, 2001) correcting for the total number comparisons.

^b The neurodevelopmental risk score includes all of the 11 ESSENCE‐Q domains except feeding (i.e., 10 domains, each scored 0 or 1), the 5 ASQ‐3 domains (each scored 0–6), parent‐report of diagnosed developmental delay at age 1 year, and parent‐report of diagnosed motor delay, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder at age 3 years (each scored 0–1), yielding a theoretical range of 0–44.

^c An ASQ‐3 domain was considered a neurodevelopmental problem if it was failed 2 or more out of 6 time points of measurement per domain (at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 years of age).

^d ASQ‐3 risk score at each time point of measurement (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 years of age) was calculated as follows: scoring below the monitoring cut‐off on an ASQ‐3 domain–1 risk point; scoring below the referral cut‐off on an ASQ‐3 domain–2 risk points. Summed up over the five ASQ‐3 domains, this yielded an individual ASQ‐3 risk score with a theoretical range of 0–10 points per time point of measurement.