Table 2.
Logistic regression of predictors of having a referral
| Variables | Patients | Referred patients | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-valuea | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| N | % | n | % | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 657 | 69.9 | 146 | 22.2 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Male | 283 | 30.1 | 122 | 43.1 | 2.65 (1.97 to 3.58) | <0.001 | 3.03 (2.12 to 4.34) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Age group, years | ||||||||
| 44–49 | 31 | 3.3 | 12 | 38.7 | 1.55 (0.70 to 3.45) | 0.725 | 2.47 (1.01 to 6.04) | 0.234 |
| 50–54 | 40 | 4.3 | 14 | 35.0 | 1.32 (0.63 to 2.76) | — | 1.59 (0.70 to 3.60) | — |
| 55–59 | 66 | 7.0 | 18 | 27.3 | 0.92 (0.49 to 1.75) | — | 1.37 (0.68 to 2.75) | — |
| 60–64 | 121 | 12.9 | 39 | 32.2 | 1.18 (0.71 to 1.98) | — | 1.42 (0.81 to 2.50) | — |
| 65–69 | 159 | 16.9 | 46 | 28.9 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| 70–74 | 209 | 22.2 | 57 | 27.3 | 0.92 (0.58 to 1.46) | — | 0.95 (0.58 to 1.56) | — |
| 75–79 | 138 | 14.7 | 37 | 26.8 | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.50) | — | 1.11 (0.64 to 1.92) | — |
| ≥80 | 176 | 18.7 | 45 | 25.6 | 0.84 (0.52 to 1.37) | — | 0.85 (0.50 to 1.44) | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 512 | 54.5 | 146 | 28.5 | 0.98 (0.72 to 1.34) | 0.993 | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.63) | 0.582 |
| Smoker | 66 | 7.0 | 18 | 22.7 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Ex-smoker | 308 | 32.8 | 89 | 28.9 | 0.92 (0.51 to 1.67) | — | 1.01 (0.52 to 1.97) | — |
| Missing | 54 | 5.7 | 15 | 27.8 | 0.95 (0.50 to 1.80) | — | 1.64 (0.78 to 3.48) | — |
|
| ||||||||
| IMD quintileb | ||||||||
| 1 (least deprived) | 190 | 20.2 | 70 | 36.8 | 2.03 (1.29 to 3.21) | 0.004 | 1.94 (1.15 to 3.27) | 0.044 |
| 2 | 184 | 19.6 | 50 | 27.3 | 1.30 (0.81 to 2.09) | — | 1.52 (0.90 to 2.57) | — |
| 3 | 203 | 21.6 | 67 | 33.0 | 1.72 (1.09 to 2.71) | — | 1.66 (1.01 to 2.73) | — |
| 4 | 171 | 18.2 | 38 | 22.2 | 1.00 (0.60 to 1.64) | — | 1.03 (0.59 to 1.79) | — |
| 5 (most deprived) | 184 | 19.6 | 41 | 22.3 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
|
| ||||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 11 | 1.2 | 4 | 36.4 | 1.07 (0.30 to 3.82) | 0.003 | 1.59 (0.38 to 6.64) | 0.014 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 167 | 17.8 | 58 | 34.7 | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| 25–29.9 | 217 | 23.1 | 76 | 35.0 | 1.01 (0.66 to 1.55) | — | 1.04 (0.65 to 1.65) | — |
| 30–34.9 | 94 | 10.0 | 32 | 34.0 | 0.97 (0.57 to 1.65) | — | 1.08 (0.61 to 1.92) | — |
| 35–39.9 | 32 | 3.4 | 8 | 25.0 | 0.63 (0.26 to 1.48) | — | 0.60 (0.24 to 1.55) | — |
| >40 | 20 | 2.1 | 6 | 30.0 | 0.81 (0.29 to 2.21) | — | 0.86 (0.28 to 2.65) | — |
| Missing | 399 | 42.4 | 84 | 21.1 | 0.50 (0.34 to 0.75) | — | 0.52 (0.33 to 0.81) | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Presenting symptoms (yes versus no) | ||||||||
| Urinary frequency | 382 | 40.6 | 94 | 24.6 | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.97) | 0.029 | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.10) | 0.155 |
| Dysuria | 347 | 36.9 | 91 | 26.2 | 0.78 (0.58 to 1.05) | 0.100 | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.54) | 0.726 |
| Other urinary symptomsc | 252 | 26.8 | 80 | 31.7 | 1.69 (1.23 to 2.34) | 0.001 | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.79) | 0.341 |
| Other symptomsd | 178 | 18.9 | 29 | 16.3 | 0.82 (0.52 to 1.27) | 0.372 | 0.67 (0.40 to 1.11) | 0.116 |
| Abdominal pain | 160 | 17.0 | 58 | 36.3 | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.32) | 0.709 | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.63) | 0.622 |
| Urinary urgency | 143 | 15.2 | 39 | 27.3 | 0.88 (0.59 to 1.31) | 0.526 | 0.81 (0.52 to 1.26) | 0.345 |
| Haematuria | 128 | 13.6 | 53 | 41.4 | 1.93 (1.32 to 2.84) | 0.001 | 2.07 (1.33 to 3.23) | 0.001 |
| Gynaecological symptoms | 39 | 4.1 | 16 | 41.0 | 1.46 (0.78 to 2.75) | 0.240 | 1.87 (0.95 to 3.68) | 0.072 |
| Bowel symptoms | 19 | 2.0 | 8 | 42.1 | 2.92 (1.05 to 8.14) | 0.040 | 3.31 (1.06 to 10.38) | 0.04 |
| Loss of appetite | 12 | 1.3 | 4 | 33.3 | 1.26 (0.38 to 4.21) | 0.710 | 0.43 (0.08 to 2.36) | 0.332 |
| Weight loss | 6 | 0.6 | 5 | 83.3 | 12.76 (1.48 to 109.70) | 0.020 | 24.54 (2.06 to 292.19) | 0.011 |
| Anaemia | 3 | 0.3 | 3 | 100 | Omittede | — | Omittedd | — |
a
Joint Wald test performed for all categorical variables.
b
Missing data in each category.
c
Other urinary symptoms include other storage and voiding symptoms, unspecified lower urinary tract symptoms, and descriptions about urine appearance.
d
Other symptoms include systemic symptoms (such as fever and sweats), confusion, falls, malaise, and fatigue, for example.
e
Omitted categories represent strata that were too small for regression to run. BMI = body mass index. IMD = Index of Multiple Deprivation. OR = odds ratio.