FIGURE 2.

Association between polygenic scores for ADHD and school performance. (A) Linear regression analysis. (B) Instrumental variable analysis. See Table 2 legend and method section for details on the statistical model. Natural sciences: GPA in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics. Humanities: GPA in civics, English, geography, history, religion, and Swedish. Practical: GPA in arts, crafts, home and consumer studies, music, sports, and technology. Crude: Model adjusted for sex and the first five principal components. Symptoms: Adjustment for phenotypic ADHD symptoms. EA‐PGS: Model adjusted for PGS for EA. Symptoms + EA‐PGS: Adjustment for phenotypic ADHD symptoms and PGS for EA. Family FE: Adjustement for family fixed‐effects, that is, a dizygotic twin comparison. ADHD, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; EA‐PGS, polygenic score for educational attainment; GPA, grade point average; PGS, polygenic score