Table 4.
Bivariate logistic regression of characteristics associated with reduced eGFR, reduced eGFRDEGREE, and reduced eGFRKenya
| Variable | Reduced eGFR | Reduced eGFRDEGREE | Reduced eGFRKenya | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR (95%CI) | p -value | n | OR (95%CI) | p -value | n | OR (95%CI) | p -value | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 392 | 1.64 (1.01, 2.65) | 0.04 | 312 | 1.77 (1.00, 3.14) | 0.05 | 244 | 2.12 (0.93, 4.85) | 0.07 |
| Male | 390 | Ref | 300 | Ref | 264 | Ref | |||
| Sublocation | |||||||||
| Muhoroni East and Owaga | 549 | 2.23 (1.21, 4.14) | 0.01 | 414 | 2.02 (1.02, 4.01) | 0.04 | 341 | 2.12 (0.78, 5.74) | 0.13 |
| Tonde | 233 | Ref | 198 | Ref | 167 | Ref | |||
| Age | |||||||||
| Per 1-year increase | 782 | 1.11 (1.08, 1.14) | < .0001 | 612 | 1.12 (1.09, 1.16) | < .0001 | 508 | 1.14 (1.09, 1.19) | < .0001 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Underweight (≤ 18.5), overweight (> 25 to ≤ 30), or obese (> 30) | 307 | 2.11 (1.31, 3.40) | 0.002 | 222 | 2.48 (1.41, 4.34) | 0.0015 | 187 | 5.07 (2.09, 12.31) | 0.0003 |
| Normal (> 18.5 to ≤ 25) | 475 | Ref | 390 | Ref | 321 | Ref | |||
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| ≥ 140 or ≥ 90 or on hypertensive medication | 111 | 1.54 (0.84, 2.81) | 0.16 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| < 140 and < 90 and not on hypertensive medication | 671 | Ref | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | |
| Previous diabetes diagnosis by a physician | |||||||||
| Yes | 8 | 5.68 (1.33, 24.23) | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| No | 774 | Ref | - | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | |
| Self-reported HIV | |||||||||
| Yes | 125 | 4.68 (2.83, 7.74) | < .0001 | 104 | 7.17 (4.00, 12.84) | < .0001 | - | - | - |
| No | 657 | Ref | 508 | Ref | - | Ref | - | ||
| Medication against HIV | |||||||||
| Yes | 122 | 4.25 (2.56, 7.06) | < .0001 | 102 | 6.18 (3.46, 11.07) | < .0001 | - | - | - |
| No | 659 | Ref | 509 | Ref | - | Ref | - | ||
| Missing | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | ||||
| Tuberculosis | |||||||||
| Yes | 30 | 1.89 (0.70, 5.09) | 0.20 | 25 | 2.69 (0.97, 7.46) | 0.05 | 11 | a | |
| No | 752 | Ref | 587 | Ref | 497 | Ref | |||
| Prescribed medications | |||||||||
| Yes | 248 | 3.48 (2.15, 5.63) | < .0001 | 189 | 3.86 (2.18, 6.82) | < .0001 | 89 | 0.84 (0.28, 2.52) | 0.76 |
| No | 534 | Ref | 423 | Ref | 419 | Ref | |||
| Antibiotic medication for infection | |||||||||
| Yes | 466 | 1.46 (0.89, 2.41) | 0.13 | 364 | 1.58 (0.87, 2.88) | 0.13 | 287 | 1.78 (0.76, 4.17) | 0.18 |
| No | 316 | Ref | 248 | Ref | 221 | Ref | |||
| Painkillers most days | |||||||||
| Yes | 347 | 1.24 (0.78, 2.00) | 0.35 | 271 | 1.45 (0.83, 2.53) | 0.18 | 221 | 2.16 (0.96, 4.86) | 0.06 |
| No | 435 | Ref | 341 | Ref | 287 | Ref | |||
| Herbal or traditional remedies | |||||||||
| Yes | 269 | 0.85 (0.51, 1.41) | 0.53 | 212 | 0.62 (0.33, 1.16) | 0.13 | 191 | 0.72 (0.31, 1.70) | 0.46 |
| No | 513 | Ref | 400 | Ref | 317 | Ref | |||
| Consumption of sugary drinks in past 7 days | |||||||||
| 5 or more drinks | 57 | 2.09 (1.01, 4.33) | 0.04 | 44 | 2.05 (0.87, 4.85) | 0.10 | 32 | 1.25 (0.28, 5.56) | 0.76 |
| None to 4 drinks | 725 | Ref | 568 | Ref | 476 | Ref | |||
| Currently smoke tobacco | |||||||||
| Yes | 39 | 0.23 (0.03, 1.70) | 0.15 | 33 | 0.30 (0.04, 2.26) | 0.24 | 28 | a | |
| No | 743 | Ref | 579 | Ref | 480 | Ref | |||
| Occupational physical intensity group | |||||||||
| High-intensity | 390 | 1.29 (0.75, 2.22) | 0.36 | 298 | 1.73 (0.87, 3.41) | 0.12 | 231 | 1.39 (0.55, 3.47) | 0.48 |
| Low- and moderate-intensity | 214 | Ref | 158 | Ref | 138 | Ref | |||
| Missing/Unclassifiable | 178 | 156 | 139 | ||||||
aQuasi-complete separation of data points detected. The odds ratio (OR) could not be calculated
Reduced kidney function was defined as eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73m2
Ref reference category for odds ratio (OR) calculation