Table 6.

Comparison of reduced eGFR, reduced eGFR_DEGREE, and CKDu_DEGREE prevalence and risk factors across DEGREE protocol studies

First author and country/region	Total sample size	Reduced eGFR < 90	Proxy for CKD eGFR < 60	Reduced eGFRDEGREE < 90	CKDuDEGREE eGFR < 60	Associated risk factors with eGFR < 90 and < 60
Hamilton, et al. (2020). Malawi, southeast Africa	821	Did not report	Did not report	4.6% (95%CI 3.2, 6.3); n = 38	0.2% (95%CI 0.1, 0.9); n = 2	Increasing age, BMI
Ruiz-Alejos, et al. (2021). Northern Peru, Tumbes region	1,514 total sample; 1,272 after excluding those with DM, HTN, and HP	eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90: 16.6% (95%CI 14.8, 18.6)	1.7% (95%CI 1.1, 2.5); n = 26	eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90: 13%; n = 165	0.9% (95%CI 0.4, 1.5); n = 11	Low physical activity levels, kidney stones; sugarcane work was protective
Ruwanpathirana, et al. (2019). Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka	4,803 total sample; 3,351 after excluding those with DM, HTN, and HP	Did not report	12%; n = 576	Did not report	6.0% (95%CI 5.2, 6.8); n = 202	Advanced age, history of CKD among parents or siblings, living in areas classified as moderate and high CKDu-endemicity; agricultural work was not significant
O’Callaghan-Gordo, et al. (2019). Northern and Southern Indiaa	12,500	Did not report	Did not report	eGFR ≥ 60 to < 90: 17.0% (95%CI 16.0, 17.0); n = 2,125	Overall: 1.6% (95%CI 1.4, 1.9). Varied from 1.4% in northern urban areas to 4.8% southern rural	Older age, residence in a rural area, being male, and less formal education for each 5 years of school
Western Kenya, Muhoroni Sub-County	782	9.85% (95%CI 7.9, 12.2); n = 77	0.51% (95%CI 0.14, 1.3); n = 4	8.99% (95%CI 6.8, 11.5); n = 55	0.33% (95%CI 0.04, 1.2); n = 2	Sublocation, increasing age, non-normal BMI, HIV positivity

DM diabetes mellitus, HTN hypertension, HP heavy proteinuria, BMI Body Mass Index, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

^aData collected prospectively for other purposes but analyzed per DEGREE protocol