Prajapati 2017.

Study characteristics
Methods	Open‐label randomised controlled trial, single centre
Participants	Country: India Period of recruitment: June 2014 and February 2016 Number randomised: 259 Postrandomisation dropouts: 6 Revised sample size: 253 Average age (years): 54 Males: 83% Decompensated cirrhosis: 100% Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure 0% Alcohol‐related cirrhosis 25% Viral‐related cirrhosis: 13% Autoimmune disease‐related cirrhosis: 0% Other causes of cirrhosis: 50% Inclusion criteria Inpatients with decompensated cirrhosis. Written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained Aged 18 to 75 years Patients with decompensated cirrhosis with Child–Turcotte–Pugh of at least 6 and 13 or less. Decompensation was defined as the occurrence of any of the following events: ascites, encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, jaundice, or hepatorenal syndrome. Patients who were listed for transplantation, but for whom liver transplantation was not feasible soon because of financial reasons or unavailability of donors (in India, most transplants are living donor liver transplantations that are self‐funded) Exclusion criteria Hepatocellular carcinoma or any other malignancy Sepsis (patients were included after sepsis was controlled) Severe cardio or pulmonary disease Grade 3 or 4 hepatic encephalopathy, active variceal bleeding, and HRS. Patients were included after clinical improvements in these conditions. HIV seropositivity Pregnancy Refusal to participate in the study Previous known hypersensitivity to G‐CSF
Interventions	Experimental G‐CSF for 5 days at a dose of 5 μg/kg subcutaneously twice a day, and standard medical therapy Control Standard medical therapy alone All participants received standard medical therapy. Standard medical therapy included antivirals, abstinence from alcohol, nutrition, diuretics, β‐blockers, selective intestinal decontamination, and other supportive measures depending on clinical status and requirement.
Outcomes	Primary outcome Improvement in survival at 6 months Secondary outcome Improvement in clinical outcome according to the CTP score
Notes	Conflicts of interest: "There are no conflicts of interest." Funding: no information ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02642003
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	The randomisation sequence remained with the statistician.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	The sequence remained concealed from the investigators until the intervention was assigned.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	This was an open‐label study.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) overall mortality	Low risk	No information was given, but for the mortality outcome, low risk of bias.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information was given.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Twenty participants were lost at follow up (treatment arm: 9, control arm: 11).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	The trial reported all‐cause mortality as a primary outcome.
Other bias	Low risk	We found no other bias.