Singh 2014.

Study characteristics
Methods	Open‐label randomised pilot study
Participants	Country: India Period of recruitment: from July 2010 to June 2012 Number randomised: 46 Postrandomisation dropouts: 0 Revised sample size: 46 Average age: 43 Males: 100% Decompensated cirrhosis: not reported Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: 100% Alcohol‐related cirrhosis: 100% Viral‐related cirrhosis: 0% Autoimmune disease‐related cirrhosis: 0% Other causes of cirrhosis: 0% Inclusion criteria Patients with alcoholic hepatitis with a modified Maddrey’s discriminant function of 32 or more Aged 18 to 75 years With an average alcohol intake of more than 100 g/day during the 3 months before enrolment Exclusion criteria The presence of hepatocellular carcinoma or portal vein thrombosis Refusal to participate in the study Prior treatment with steroids Any significant comorbidities including hepatorenal syndrome Grade 3 or 4 hepatic encephalopathy Upper gastrointestinal bleeding within the preceding 10 days Uncontrolled bacterial infection Human immunodeficiency virus infection Hepatitis B virus infection Hepatitis C virus seropositivity Autoimmune hepatitis Haemochromatosis Wilson’s disease Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency Pregnancy Any previous known hypersensitivity to G‐CSF
Interventions	Experimental G‐CSF (Biocon, Bangalore, India) was given at a dosage of 5 μg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours for 5 consecutive days, and standard medical therapy plus G‐CSF (group A; n = 23) Control Standard medical therapy alone (group B; n = 23) All participants received standard medical therapy. Standard medical therapy: diuretics, sodium restriction, and albumin for the treatment of ascites, or fresh frozen plasma for coagulopathy, antibiotics for any focus of infection, and also primary treatment with pentoxifylline at a dose of 400 mg three times a day and normal hospital nutrition (1800 to 2000 kcal per day).
Outcomes	Primary outcome Survival at 90 days after recruitment and commencement of treatment Secondary outcomes Mobilisation of CD34 + cells in peripheral blood A surrogate marker for haematopoietic stem cell mobilisation Improvement in clinical scores (MELD, mDF, and CTP) Safety of G‐CSF in alcoholic hepatitis patients
Notes	Conflicts of interest: none Funding: none Trial registration: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	After admission, the participants were randomised into 2 groups. A randomisation code was generated. Randomisation was performed using sequentially numbered envelopes.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomisation was performed using sequentially numbered envelopes.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	This was an open‐label study.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) overall mortality	Low risk	No information was given, but for the mortality outcome, low risk of bias.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information was given.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All included participants were analysed.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	The trial reported all‐cause mortality as a primary outcome.
Other bias	Low risk	We found no other bias.