Table 4.
Preclinical grip strength and fine motor evaluation.
| References | Years | Method | Severity | Type Injury | Test | Parameters examined | Sample | Pre | < 72h | 1–3 wks | 1–2mo | 3–5mo | 6–11mo | 12–24mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evans et al. (98) | 2014 | CCI-CS | Mild | Diffuse | Grip strength meter | Average 10 trials |
T9; C8 | - | + | - | - | |||
| Namdar et al. (93) | 2020 | WD | Mild | Diffuse | Grip strength meter | 5 trials, average best 3 |
T:10; C:8 | - | - | |||||
| Evans et al. (97) | 2015 | CCI-CS | Mild | Diffuse | Grip strength meter | Average 10 trials |
T:12; C:11 | - | - | - | ||||
| Tabet et al. (99) | 2022 | CCI-CS | Rep-Mild | 3 × TBI 24 hrs |
Grip strength meter | Average 3 trials relative to weight | T:11; C:11 | - | ||||||
| Dhillon et al. (100) | 2020 | CCI-CS | Rep-Mild | 2xTBI (L+R) 5 × weekly |
Grip strength meter | 1 trial | T:10; C:8 | + | ||||||
| Rana et al. (32) | 2020 | WD | Moderate | Diffuse | Grip strength meter | 1 trial | T:7; C:5 | + | + | |||||
| Pruitt et al. (33) | 2014 | CCI | Moderate | Focal (motor cortex) |
Isometric pull task | Maximal Force | T:15; C:11 | - | + | + | ||||
| % Successful Trials | - | + | + | |||||||||||
| Time to 120 g threshold | - | + | - | |||||||||||
| Speed force generation | - | + | + | |||||||||||
| Total Trials | - | + | - | |||||||||||
| Pruitt et al. (97) | 2017 | CCI | Moderate | Focal (motor cortex) | Isometric pull task | Maximal Force | T:6; C: 6 | - | + | + | ||||
| % Successful Trials | + | + | ||||||||||||
| Adkins et la. (34) | 2015 | CCI | Mod-Sev | Focal | Pellet reaching Test | % successful | T:41; C:31 | - | +++ | +++ | +++ | |||
| Schönfeld et al. (94) | 2017 | CCI | Severe | Focal | Montoya staircase test | Pellets eaten | T:8; C:7 | - | +++ | ++ |
+p < 0.05; ++p < 0.01; +++p < 0.001; -, not significant; Gray, not evaluated. T, TBI; C, control/Sham; CCI, control cortical impact; CCI-CS, control cortical impact-closed skull; WD, weight drop injury.