Table 1. Comparison of filter types in terms of PE recurrence and complications.

PE: Pulmonary Embolism, IVC: Inferior Vena Cava, DVT: Deep Vein Thrombosis, CT: Computerized Tomography

Filter Type	PE Recurrence	Complications	Conclusion
TrapEase   Kalva et al., [62]         Tsui et al., [63]	7.5%    n=751	Filter fracture: 3.0%   Trapped thrombus: 25.2%	TrapEase effective at preventing PE with minimal complications.
	1.5%  n=582	Recurrent DVT in 18.7% of patients. Filter fracture in 13.3%.	PE breakthrough rates were similar to other filters despite the double basket design.
Denali   Stavropoulus et al., [64]	3%   n=200	No incidences of filter fracture or migration	Denali filter found to have high placement and retrieval success with few complications.
Recovery (Bard)  Kalva et al., [65]	3% at mean follow-up of 63 days  n=96	Penetration of IVC by filter arms in 11.5%, with fracture occurring in 3.1% of cases. No filter migration of caval occlusion.	This version of the Recovery filter has structural weaknesses leading to a high incidence of IVC wall penetration and asymmetric deployment of filter legs.
Sentry bio convertible   Dake et al., [9]	0 % at 1 year   2.4% at 2 years   n=129	No filter related complications	Sentry filters are effective at preventing PE, with a high rate of intended bioconversion and few complications
OptEase   Ziegler et al., [67]                 Kalva et al., [66]	0% at 6 months   n=150	Filter migration: 0.9%   Symptomatic DVT: 0.8%	OptEase filters provide protection from PE with a stable amount of complications between 1 and 6 month follow-ups.
	No PE on CT at 20 month follow-up  n=71	Symptoms of PE developed in 15% of patients after filter insertion. No cases of filter migration, caval wall occlusion, or filter tilting.	OptEase filters can be successfully used to prevent recurrence of PE with an acceptable complication rate.
Gunther Tulip   Given et al., [68]                 Looby et al. [69]	0.3% PE    n=317	3 filter placements resulted in minor transient abnormalities	Gunther Tulip filters can provide significant protection against PE with limited complications if removed within the appropriate retrieval window.
	0.7% PE  n=147	Pneumothorax occurred in 2.7% of patients and filter expansion occurred in 0.7% of patients.	Gunther Tulip retrievable filters can be used safely and with minimal complications.
Celect   Sangwaiya et al., [70]	2.8% at mean follow-up of 68 days   n=73	Significant filter-tilt in 6.5% of placements   Filter-related problems in 39% of cases.	Celect filters can be placed safely and reduce incidence of PE, but show a high risk of caval filter leg penetration.
Celect Platinum  Lee, Brian et al., [71]	2.6%-7.7% of PE (one confirmed and two additional on follow-up CT pulmonary angiogram)  n=335	IVC perforation in 19.4% of cases. New in-filter thrombus in 8.7% (8.1% nonocclusive, 0.6% occlusive). Filter tilt in 1.2%. Filter migration in 0.3%. No instances of filter fracture.	Complication rates of the Celect Platinum filter are in line with those of other models.
VenaTech   Lin et al., [11]	0% at 6 months   n=149	IVC perforation in 1.3% of converted   No clinically significant filter migration, filter fracture, or IVC thrombosis in converted patients   14.3% IVC thrombosis in non-converted cases.	At 6 month follow-up, the converted version of the VenaTech filter showed low risk of PE and minimal adverse effects. Non-converted configuration showed a higher rate of IVC thrombosis.
Option   Johnson et al., [72]	8% within 180 days   n=100	2% filter migration   3% symptomatic caval thrombosis	Option IVC filters can be placed safely while maintaining a high rate of clinical success.
Greenfield   Kazmers et al., [73]	Not used as endpoint   n=151	1.3 % major complication rate   0.7% filter misplacement	Greenfield filters can be placed safely with minimal risk of misplacement or complication. 30-day mortality rate of 6.6% with a mean survival time of 4.96 years following insertion.
Greenfield vs. TrapEase  Usoh et al., [74]	Not a primary endpoint  n=84 (Greenfield)  n=72 (TrapEase)	Thrombosis of either the iliac or IVC occurred in 7% of the TrapEase cohort. No incidence of filter migration, access-site thrombosis, or IVC perforation in either group.	TrapEase filters showed a higher risk of thrombosis than the Greenfield IVC filters.
Gunther Tulip (GT) vs. Trap/OptEase (TE/OE) vs. ALN vs. VenaTech (VT) Filters  Koizumi et al., [76]	Embolization into the pulmonary arteries occurred in one of the two cases of filter fracture in the GT group, and three out of 19 cases in the TE/OE group. ALN and VT groups had no incidences of fracture or PE.	Filter fracture occurred in 0/19 in the ALN group, 0/2 in the VT group, 2/270 (0.7%) in the GT group, and 19/135 (14.1%) in the TE/OE group.	TE/OE filters have a high frequency of complication and are not well suited for long-term or permanent insertion.
Celect vs. Gunther Tulip vs. Greenfield  McLoney et al. , [75]	Not an endpoint    n=255 (Celect)  n=160 (GT)  n=50 (Greenfield)	Perforation was seen in 49%, 43%, and 2% in Celect, GT, and Greenfield filters, respectively. Filter fracture occurred in 0.8%, 0.6%, and 0% in the Celect, GT, and Greenfield groups.	Greenfield filters had a significantly lower rate of perforation than Celect and GT filters. All three models had low incidences of fracture.