Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Diffusion tensor imaging | Intracortical myelination | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD + PAE | ADHD−PAE | TD | P | ADHD + PAE | ADHD−PAE | TD | p | |
| N | 22 | 20 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 25 | ||
| Male Sex, N (%) | 12(54.5) | 13(65.0) | 13(54.2) | 0.72 | 13(54.2) | 14(63.6) | 13(52.0) | 0.70 |
| Age, yrs | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 0.11 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 0.16 |
| Race/ethnicity, N (%) | 0.12‡ | 0.10‡ | ||||||
| White | 5(22.7) | 13(65.0) | 11(45.8) | 8(33.3) | 15(68.2) | 11(44.0) | ||
| Black | 4(18.2) | 1(5.0) | 0(0) | 2(8.3) | 1(4.5) | 0(0) | ||
| Latino | 5(22.7) | 2(10.0) | 7(29.2) | 6(25.0) | 1(4.5) | 7(28.0) | ||
| Asian | 1(4.5) | 2(10.0) | 2(8.3) | 1(4.42) | 3(13.6) | 3(12.0) | ||
| Other | 1(4.5) | 0(0) | 1(4.2) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(4.0) | ||
| Mixed | 6(27.3) | 2(10.0) | 3(12.5) | 7(29.2) | 2(9.1) | 3(12.0) | ||
| Mother’s education, yrs | 15.8 ± 0.4 | 16.7 ± 0.8 | 17.2 ± 1.0 | 0.46 | 16.1 ± 0.4 | 17.0 ± 0.8 | 17.7 ± 1.1 | 0.39 |
| Full-scale IQ | 97.3 ± 3.0*† | 108.6 ± 2.8 | 116.0 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | 98.4 ± 2.8*† | 108.7 ± 2.8 | 112.8 ± 3.3 | 0.003 |
| Inattention | 81.5 ± 2.2* | 83.0 ± 1.8* | 48.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | 83.7 ± 1.9* | 82.1 ± 2.1* | 48.0 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 84.1 ± 1.7* | 79.3 ± 2.9* | 50.3 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | 83.8 ± 1.8* | 80.0 ± 2.7* | 49.5 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
Mother’s education is a proxy for socioeconomic status. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity as assessed by the Conners-3.
*
p<0.05 ADHD+/−PAE vs TD;
†
p<0.05 ADHD + PAE vs ADHD-PAE;
‡
Pearson chi-square exact significance was computed due to the number of cells with low values; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; PAE, prenatal alcohol exposure; TD, typically developing.