Table 2.
Clusters showing significant differences in intracortical myelination between groups.
| Peak | X | Y | Z | Size mm2 | FWE-corrected p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD + PAE < TD | ||||||
| Deepest cortical level (5%−25%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | R_PHA3 (temporal) | 37.1 | −25.6 | −21.6 | 58906 | 0.034 |
| temporal | R_Pir | 39.9 | 1.7 | −23.4 | 2093 | |
| occipital | R_TF | 39.7 | −25.4 | −23.6 | 686 | |
| insula | R_AAIC | 36.3 | 12.1 | −7.0 | 2930 | |
| frontal | R_SCEF | 10.1 | 15.1 | 49.4 | 1736 | |
| R_SCEF | 10.7 | 12.8 | 48.7 | 2934 | ||
| cingulate | R_POS1 | 13.2 | −55.7 | 18.6 | 601 | |
| parietal | R_23c | 13.9 | −24.2 | 36.8 | 568 | |
| ADHD-PAE < TD | ||||||
| Deepest cortical level (5%−25%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | L_5m (parietal) | −11.1 | −32.8 | 51.0 | 319 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 2 | L_2 (parietal) | −21.3 | −36.8 | 61.6 | 200 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 3 | L_5L (parietal) | −16.0 | −42.1 | 74.0 | 124 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 4 | R_Mbelt (temporal) | 35.9 | −27.6 | 9.4 | 35778 | 0.016 |
| temporal | R_Pir | 36.0 | 1.5 | −23.2 | 4719 | |
| R_VMV3 | 31.6 | −58.2 | −5.9 | 2827 | ||
| R_A1 | 38.9 | −26.2 | 9.3 | 809 | ||
| R_ProS | 14.6 | −46.3 | 1.2 | 4498 | ||
| insula | R_4 | 23.1 | −22.7 | 55.9 | 4321 | |
| frontal | R_AAIC | 30 | 13.9 | −12.9 | 1105 | |
| R_PreS | 12.9 | −42.8 | 1.2 | 1458 | ||
| cingulate | R_PFcm | 44.7 | −25.6 | 21.1 | 9255 | |
| parietal | R_V3 | 11.6 | −88.7 | 19.3 | 765 | |
| Lower-middle (30%−50%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | R_V2 (occipital) | 12.1 | −65.7 | 14.0 | 106 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 2 | R_PoI1 (insula) | 34.7 | −17.9 | 5.9 | 12628 | 0.033 |
| Cluster 3 | R_VMV2 (temporal) | 22.6 | −60.5 | −7.0 | 11993 | 0.043 |
| Upper-middle (55%−75%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | L_24dd (frontal) | −10.2 | −30.5 | 49.6 | 5436 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 2 | L_5L (parietal) | −13.6 | −40.7 | 68.6 | 250 | 0.048 |
| Cluster 3 | L_2 (parietal) | −20.6 | −38.5 | 60.6 | 112 | 0.049 |
| Cluster 4 | R_RI (insula) | 35.5 | −32 | 20.7 | 37207 | 0.016 |
| temporal | R_MBelt | 41.0 | −24.5 | 7.4 | 6323 | |
| R_VMV2 | 31.2 | −58.3 | −5.4 | 2282 | ||
| occipital | R_VMV1 | 21.2 | −61.2 | −7.1 | 2434 | |
| R_PGs | 37.2 | −76.4 | 33.1 | 944 | ||
| R_MST | 45.0 | −61.1 | 3.1 | 627 | ||
| frontal | R_OP1 | 42.1 | −22.8 | 20.4 | 4583 | |
| R_24dd | 9.8 | −22 | 49.6 | 526 | ||
| cingulate | R_RSC | 12.8 | −46.7 | 2.4 | 2205 | |
| parietal | R_PFcm | 52.7 | −22.2 | 20.3 | 11856 | |
| ADHD ± PAE < TD | ||||||
| Deepest cortical level (5%−25%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | R_6a (frontal) | 22.8 | 12.3 | 46.4 | 161 | 0.019 |
| Cluster 2 | L_TGv (temporal) | −28.8 | 3.1 | −40.5 | 31462 | 0.048 |
| temporal | L_MBelt | −40.1 | −25.7 | 8.7 | 1188 | |
| occipital | L_V3 | −21.8 | −75.0 | −5.5 | 1984 | |
| L_RSC | −10.6 | −50.5 | 5.1 | 525 | ||
| insula | L_PI | −41.5 | −1.2 | −22.9 | 2708 | |
| frontal | L_SFL | −10.1 | 9.5 | 64.0 | 5729 | |
| L_OFC | −16.0 | 16.9 | −21.4 | 2188 | ||
| L_PFcm | −53.4 | −24.1 | 21.4 | 1224 | ||
| cingulate | L_RSC | −9.5 | −50.0 | 5.1 | 1790 | |
| L_d32 | −12.4 | 37.4 | 13.9 | 631 | ||
| parietal | L_POS1 | −13.5 | −58.8 | 11.5 | 4749 | |
| L_PFop | −58.3 | −24.9 | 23 | 1149 | ||
| Cluster 3 | R_52 (insula) | 32.3 | −23.9 | 10.6 | 42757 | 0.016 |
| temporal | R_Pir | 37.2 | 1.8 | −23.1 | 7993 | |
| R_A1 | 38.4 | −26.6 | 9.0 | 896 | ||
| occipital | R_RSC | 14.0 | −46.2 | 1.4 | 4105 | |
| R_TF | 39.7 | −26.0 | −23.4 | 896 | ||
| frontal | R_OP1 | 44.7 | −24.4 | 21.0 | 3028 | |
| R_9m | 10.3 | 53.8 | 6.3 | 2539 | ||
| R_24dd | 6.7 | −29 | 51.0 | 2335 | ||
| R_3a | 24.0 | −22.8 | 53.6 | 2116 | ||
| R_AAIC | 28.9 | 13.6 | −14.1 | 1351 | ||
| cingulate | R_PreS | 12.7 | −43.3 | 1.1 | 3864 | |
| parietal | R_PFcm | 44.7 | −25.6 | 21.1 | 7019 | |
| R_PF | 58.5 | −34.1 | 36.8 | 1409 | ||
| Lower-middle (30%−50%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | L_TGv (temporal) | −29.0 | 4.3 | −40.6 | 4602 | 0.042 |
| Cluster 2 | R_PoI2 (insula) | 37.6 | 2.2 | −11.8 | 21495 | 0.033 |
| temporal | R_PHA3 | 37.2 | −24.3 | −22.8 | 2238 | |
| occipital | R_ProS | 15.0 | −46.2 | 0.9 | 938 | |
| frontal | R_3a | 34.3 | −25.8 | 45.5 | 1609 | |
| R_SCEF | 10.1 | 15.1 | 49.4 | 1369 | ||
| R_FOP4 | 41.9 | 4.8 | 11.2 | 1320 | ||
| cingulate | R_PreS | 13.9 | −44.8 | 0.3 | 2637 | |
| parietal | R_POS1 | 9.4 | −55.9 | 14.3 | 3705 | |
| R_PFcm | 44.7 | −25.6 | 21.1 | 1650 | ||
| Upper-middle (55%−75%) | ||||||
| Cluster 1 | L_TGv (temporal) | −29.0 | 4.3 | −40.6 | 367 | 0.046 |
| Cluster 2 | R_VMV2 (temporal) | 30.4 | −59.8 | −5.0 | 9249 | 0.036 |
| Cluster 3 | R_PoI1 (insula) | 34.7 | −21.8 | 2.7 | 3877 | 0.036 |
For each cluster, the peak region (based on the HCPMMP1.0 atlas), peak coordinates (in MNI space), cluster size, and corrected p-value are provided. For extremely large clusters (>20,000 mm2), subcluster information is provided. ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; PAE, prenatal alcohol exposure; TD, typically developing.