Table 3.
Summary of external stimuli to C. elegans and its corresponding behavioral responses.
| Physiological properties | External stimuli | Methods of applying the stimulus | Behavioral responses | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electrotaxis | Electric field | Connect the voltage source or insert the electrodes | Follow the electric field direction | [20–28,94–99] |
| Chemotaxis | Chemicals (water-soluble substances) | Specific-channel inner diameter and structure | Forage feed or avoid harmful substances | [17,18,37,85,100,125,136–141] |
| Rheotaxis | Stream | Syringe pump | Upstream movement | [101–103] |
| Phototaxis | Light (blue) | LED light | Light avoidance or muscle contraction | [104–106,142–146] |
| Thermotaxis | Temperature (Tc) | The flow of different temperatures | Avoid the Tc on the thermal gradient | [107,147–154] |
| Aerotaxis | Oxygen % | Inject oxygen (air) via a syringe pump, or PDMS free diffusion | Keep away from the oxygen % | [108,109,155] |