Table 2.
Association (Hazard Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval) Between Self-Reported Endodontic Treatment and Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Overall and Stratified by the Median Number of Teeth: The ARIC Study, 1996–1998 to 2013
| Variable | Events | N | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endodontic treatment | ||||||
| No ET | 265 | 3,160 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET | 99 | 1,333 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.50) |
| ≥ 2 ET | 142 | 1,781 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.44) |
| No ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 90 | 1,455 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 43 | 723 | 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.71, 1.48) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.64) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.74) |
| ≥ 2 ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 57 | 890 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) | 1.08 (0.77, 1.53) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.56) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) |
| No ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 175 | 1,705 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 56 | 610 | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.32) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.56) |
| ≥ 2 ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 85 | 891 | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.67) |
| No ET and Age ≥ 77 | Ref | |||||
| 1 ET and Age ≥ 77 | 1.09 (0.70, 1.71) | |||||
| ≥ 2 ET and Age ≥ 77 | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | |||||
| No ET and Age < 77 | Ref | |||||
| 1 ET and Age < 77 | 1.25 (0.89, 1.77) | |||||
| ≥ 2 ET and Age < 77 | 1.30 (0.86, 1.78) | |||||
| Age (in Years) | - | - | - | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10) |
| Sex (Males) | - | - | - | 2.14 (1.77, 2.57) | 2.04 (1.62, 2.57) | 2.07 (1.59, 2.70) |
| Race/study center | ||||||
| Whites, Minnesota | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Whites, Maryland | - | - | - | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.44) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.42) |
| Whites, North Carolina | - | - | - | 1.25 (0.98, 1.60) | 1.29 (1.00, 1.91) | 1.22 (0.92, 1.62) |
| Blacks, North Carolina | - | - | - | 1.13 (0.57, 2.23) | 1.04 (0.52, 2.08) | 1.13 (0.48, 2.66) |
| Blacks, Mississippi | - | - | - | 1.49 (1.11, 2.00) | 1.38 (1.00, 1.91) | 1.28 (0.83, 1.96) |
| Education | ||||||
| Some high school | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| High school diploma | - | - | - | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.37) |
| Bachelor’s or graduate degree | - | - | - | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.21) |
| Income (>$35,000) | - | - | - | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | - | - | - | - | Ref | Ref |
| Former | - | - | - | - | 2.11 (1.56, 2.46) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.58) |
| Current | - | - | - | - | 1.28 (1.03, 1.59) | 1.79 (1.29, 2.49) |
| Diabetes | - | - | - | - | 1.96 (1.56, 2.46) | 1.77 (1.36, 2.31) |
| Alcohol consumers | - | - | - | - | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) |
| Alcohol (g/week) | - | - | - | - | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| BMI (Kg/M2) | - | - | - | - | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Hypertension | 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.76) | ||||
| LDL (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 1.34 (1.21, 1.50) | 1.31 (1.16, 1.49) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 1.18 (1.04, 1.35) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) |
| Statin use | - | - | - | - | 1.20 (0.89, 1.61) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.55) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Poor | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Intermediate | - | - | - | - | - | 1.13 (0.87, 1.48) |
| Ideal | - | - | - | - | - | 1.09 (0.85, 1.41) |
| Diet | ||||||
| Poor | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Intermediate | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.46, 2.12) |
| Ideal | - | - | - | - | - | 1.30 (0.61, 2.77) |
| Family history of CHD versus not | 1.20 (0.86, 1.67) | |||||
| Medical care | ||||||
| Health plan | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Medicare/medicaid only | - | - | - | - | - | 0.95 (0.60, 1.49) |
| None | - | - | - | - | - | 1.63 (1.01, 2.66) |
| Last dental visit | ||||||
| Within last 6 months | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| 6 months to 2 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) |
| 2 to 5 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 1.08 (0.67, 1.73) |
| More than 5 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 1.39 (0.78, 2.47) |
| Dental visit | ||||||
| Regular basis | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Discomfort/something fixed | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) |
| Do not go to dentist | - | - | - | - | - | 1.06 (0.35, 3.25) |
| Have current dentist | - | - | - | - | - | 1.19 (0.76, 1.87) |
| Periodontal tooth loss | - | - | - | - | - | 1.19 (0.85, 1.65) |
Model 1 included age, sex, race/center, education, and income. Model 2 added smoking, diabetes, alcohol consumption, BMI, hypertension, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, statin use. Model 3 added family history of premature CHD, physical activity, diet quality, usual medical care payment mechanism, last dental visit, dental visit frequency, having a current dentist, and periodontal tooth loss.