Table 4.
Association (Hazard Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval) Between Self-Reported Endodontic Treatment and Incident Heart Failure, Overall and Stratified by the Median Number of Teeth: The ARIC Study, 1996–1998 to 2013
| Variable | Events | N | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endodontic treatment | ||||||
| No ET | 408 | 3,116 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET | 136 | 1,309 | 0.77 (0.63, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) |
| ≥ 2 ET | 195 | 1,771 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) |
| No ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 145 | 1,441 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 54 | 712 | 0.75 (0.55, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) |
| ≥ 2 ET and ≥ 25 Teeth | 67 | 884 | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.09) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.06) | 0.75 (0.53, 1.07) |
| No ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 263 | 1,675 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 82 | 597 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.47) |
| ≥ 2 ET and ≤ 24 Teeth | 128 | 887 | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) |
| No ET and Age ≥ 77 | Ref | |||||
| 1 ET and Age ≥ 77 | 1.02 (0.73, 1.44) | |||||
| ≥2 ET and Age ≥ 77 | 0.96 (0.69, 1.34) | |||||
| No ET and Age < 77 | Ref | |||||
| 1 ET and Age < 77 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | |||||
| ≥2 ET and Age < 77 | 1.13 (0.84, 1.50) | |||||
| Age (in Years) | 1.09 (1.08, 1.11) | 1.10 (1.09, 1.12) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) | |||
| Sex (Males) | - | - | - | 1.44 (1.24, 1.67) | 1.32 (1.09, 1.60) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.66) |
| Race/study center | ||||||
| Whites, Minnesota | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Whites, Maryland | - | - | - | 1.24 (1.00, 1.52) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.42) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.45) |
| Whites, North Carolina | - | - | - | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) | 1.18 (0.92, 1.50) |
| Blacks, North Carolina | - | - | - | 1.41 (0.84, 2.37) | 1.11 (0.64, 1.91) | 1.00 (0.51, 1.96) |
| Blacks, Mississippi | - | - | - | 1.71 (1.35, 2.17) | 1.42 (1.09, 1.84) | 1.38 (0.98, 1.94) |
| Education | ||||||
| Some high school | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| High school diploma | - | - | - | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) |
| Bachelor’s or graduate degree | - | - | - | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.17) |
| Income (>$35,000) | - | - | - | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | - | - | - | - | Ref | Ref |
| Former | - | - | - | - | 1.44 (1.20, 1.72) | 1.56 (1.27, 1.91) |
| Current | - | - | - | - | 2.43 (1.92, 3.07) | 2.44 (1.85, 3.21) |
| Diabetes | - | - | - | - | 1.99 (1.65, 2.39) | 1.75 (1.41, 2.17) |
| Alcohol consumers | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) |
| Alcohol (g/week) | - | - | - | - | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
| BMI (Kg/M2) | - | - | - | - | 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) |
| Hypertension | - | - | - | - | 1.52 (1.29, 1.79) | 1.63 (1.36, 1.96) |
| LDL (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) |
| HDL (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.32) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | - | - | - | - | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) |
| Statin use | - | - | - | - | 1.37 (1.10, 1.70) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.63) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Poor | Ref | |||||
| Intermediate | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | |||||
| Ideal | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | |||||
| Diet | ||||||
| Poor | Ref | |||||
| Intermediate | 1.19 (0.65, 2.19) | |||||
| Ideal | 1.17 (0.63, 2.15) | |||||
| Family history of CHD versus not | 0.94 (0.69, 1.27) | |||||
| Medical care | ||||||
| Health plan | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Medicare/medicaid only | - | - | - | - | - | 0.83 (0.57, 1.20) |
| None | - | - | - | - | - | 1.57 (1.04, 2.36) |
| Last dental visit | ||||||
| Within last 6 months | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| 6 months to 2 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) |
| 2 to 5 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 1.27 (0.88, 1.82) |
| More than 5 years ago | - | - | - | - | - | 0.92 (0.57, 1.50) |
| Dental visit | ||||||
| Regular basis | - | - | - | - | - | Ref |
| Discomfort/something fixed | - | - | - | - | - | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) |
| Do not go to dentist | - | - | - | - | - | 1.07 (0.40, 2.85) |
| Have current dentist | - | - | - | - | - | 1.10 (0.77, 1.57) |
| Periodontal tooth loss | - | - | - | - | - | 1.03 (0.78, 1.36) |
Model 1 included age, sex, race/center, education, and income. Model 2 added smoking, diabetes, alcohol consumption, BMI, hypertension, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, statin use. Model 3 added family history of premature CHD, physical activity, diet quality, usual medical care payment mechanism, last dental visit, dental visit frequency, having a current dentist, and periodontal tooth loss.