Fig. 2. Case–control studies investigating differences in gut microbiome diversity between children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and healthy children.

We systematically searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases from inception until 20 October 2022 to identify existing clinical studies examining the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The search strategy and the criteria for study selection are provided in Supplementary Table 2 and in Supplementary methods. Differences in α-diversity (top panels) and β-diversity (bottom panels) between children with ALL and healthy children at the time of diagnosis (de Pietri et al. 2020 (ref. ⁷¹), Gao et al. 2020 (ref. ⁵⁶), Chua et al. 2020 (ref. ⁷⁵), Rajagopala et al. 2020 (ref. ⁷³), Bai et al. 2017 (ref. ⁷⁴) and Liu et al. 2020 (ref. ⁷⁰)). Ab, antibiotics; HS, healthy sibling; NR, not reported; UHC, unrelated healthy children.