. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 6.

Published in final edited form as: Risk Anal. 2015 Aug 6;36(7):1427–1458. doi: 10.1111/risa.12454

Table I.

Characteristics of Modeled Areas in 2013, Including World Bank Income Level (WBIL),⁽¹⁷⁾ Population,⁽¹⁶⁾ Year of Routine Immunization (RI) Introduction of a Measles-Containing Vaccine First Dose (MCV1), Second Dose (MCV2), and Rubella-Containing Vaccine (RCV) in the Primary Series and/or Given Selectively to Female Adolescents; We Include Potential Future Introductions (Note a) and List the References Used to Characterize RI

Region and Member State	ISO	WBIL	Population (Millions)	MCV1	MCV2	RCV Primary	RCV Female Adolescents	References^(13–15,27)
Africa (AFR)								28–33
Algeria	DZA	UMI	39.2	1985	1997	2015^a
Angola	AGO	UMI	21.5	1983		2017^a
Benin	BEN	LOW	10.3	1979		2017^a		34
Botswana	BWA	UMI	2.0	1976	2011	2016^a		35
Burkina Faso	BFA	LOW	16.9	1980	2015^a	2015^a		36–38
Burundi	BDI	LOW	10.2	1981	2013	2016^a		39
Cameroon	CMR	LMI	22.3	1966		2015^a		40–45
Cape Verde	CPV	LMI	0.5	1985	2010	2010		46
Central African Republic	CAF	LOW	4.6	1967		2017^a		47,48
Chad	TCD	LOW	12.8	1967		2018^a		49–53
Comoros	COM	LOW	0.7	1984	2016^a	2016^a
Congo, Democratic Republic	COD	LOW	67.5	1967		2017^a		54–57
Congo, Republic	COG	LMI	4.4	1967		2016^a
Cote d’Ivoire	CIV	LMI	20.3	1984		2017^a		58
Equatorial Guinea	GNQ	UMI^b	0.8	1985		2018^a
Eritrea	ERI	LOW	6.3	1980	2012	2018^a
Ethiopia	ETH	LOW	94.1	1980	2016^a	2017^a		59–64
Gabon	GAB	UMI	1.7	1985		2019^a
Gambia, The	GMB	LOW	1.8	1967	2012	2015^a		65–71
Ghana	GHA	LMI	26.0	1978	2012	2013		72–74
Guinea	GIN	LOW	11.7	1974		2018^a
Guinea-Bissau	GNB	LOW	1.7	1983		2018^a		75–77
Kenya	KEN	LOW	44.4	1978	2013	2015^a		78–85
Lesotho	LSO	LMI	2.1	1981	1992	2016^a
Liberia	LBR	LOW	4.3	1974		2017^a		86
Madagascar	MDG	LOW	22.9	1984	2015^a	2016^a		87
Malawi	MWI	LOW	16.4	1980	2015^a	2016^a		35,88,89
Mali	MLI	LOW	15.3	1974		2017^a		90
Mauritania	MRT	LMI	3.9	1974		2017^a		91
Mauritius	MUS	UMI	1.2	1982	2003	2019^a
Mozambique	MOZ	LOW	25.8	1981	2015^a	2017^a		88,92–99
Namibia	NAM	UMI	2.3	1975	2015^a	2015^a		100
Niger	NER	LOW	17.8	1974		2018^a		101,102
Nigeria	NGA	LMI	173.6	1974		2017^a		103–110
Rwanda	RWA	LOW	11.8	1981	2014^a	2014		111
Sao Tome and Principe	STP	LMI	0.2	1981	2013	2017^a
Senegal	SEN	LMI	14.1	1986	2014^a	2013		112
Sierra Leone	SLE	LOW	6.1	1974	2015^a	2016^a		113
South Africa	ZAF	UMI	52.8	1975	1994	2019^a		100,114
South Sudan	SSD	LOW	11.3	1981		2017^a
Swaziland	SWZ	LMI	1.2	1981	1995	2014
Togo	TGO	LOW	6.8	1967		2016^a
Uganda	UGA	LOW	37.8	1981		2018^a
United Republic of Tanzania	TZA	LOW	49.3	1970		2014		115
Zambia	ZMB	LMI	14.5	1983		2016^a
Zimbabwe	ZWE	LOW	14.1	1981		2015
Americas (AMR)								116–119
Argentina	ARG	UMI	41.4	1978	1998	1997		120,121
Bahamas, The	BHS	HIGH	0.4	1978	2001	1991
Barbados	BRB	HIGH	0.3	1977	1997	1977		122
Belize	BLZ	UMI	0.3	1980	2005	1996
Bolivia	BOL	LMI	10.7	1979	(2011)^c	2000		123
Brazil	BRA	UMI	200.4	1973	1992	1992^d		124–126
Canada	CAN	HIGH	35.2	1963	1997	1969	1971–1982	127
Chile	CHL	HIGH	17.6	1964	1992	1990		128–130
Colombia	COL	UMI	48.3	1979	1997	1995		131
Costa Rica	CRI	UMI	4.9	1967	1992	1974		132–134
Cuba	CUB	UMI	11.3	1971	2004	1988		135,136
Dominican Republic	DOM	UMI	10.4	1974	(2004)^c 2009	2004		137
Ecuador	ECU	UMI	15.7	1979	2008	1997		138
El Salvador	SLV	LMI	6.3	1979	2000	1997		138
Grenada	GRD	UMI	0.1	1982	2000	1993
Guatemala	GTM	LMI	15.5	1980^a		2001		139
Guyana	GUY	LMI	0.8	1982	2001	1995
Haiti	HTI	LOW	10.3	1982		2008		140–142
Honduras	HND	LMI	8.1	1979		1997		143
Jamaica	JAM	UMI	2.8	1978	2002	1993	1978–2001	144,145
Mexico	MEX	UMI	122.3	1973	1991	1998		146,147
Nicaragua	NIC	LMI	6.1	1979		1998
Panama	PAN	UMI	3.9	1979	1992	1992		148,149
Paraguay	PRY	LMI	6.8	1980	(2002)^c 2004	2000		147
Peru	PER	UMI	30.4	1979	2007	2003
St. Lucia	LCA	UMI	0.2	1982	1991	1986		150
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	VCT	UMI	0.1	1982	1997	1991
Suriname	SUR	UMI	0.5	1979	2005	1993
Trinidad and Tobago	TTO	HIGH	1.3	1984	2001	1984	1982–2000	151,152
United States	USA	HIGH	320.1	1963	1989	1969		153–158
Puerto Rico^e	PRI	HIGH	3.7	1963	1989	1969
Uruguay	URY	HIGH	3.4	1979	1992	1982
Venezuela, RB	VEN	UMI	30.4	1980	2009	1998		131,159,160
Eastern Mediterranean (EMR)								161–163
Afghanistan	AFG	LOW	30.6	1978	2004	2018^a		164
Bahrain	BHR	HIGH	1.3	1974	1985	1985		165,166
Djibouti	DJI	LMI	0.9	1982	2011	2019^a
Egypt, Arab Rep.	EGY	LMI	82.1	1977	1999	1999		167,168
Iran, Islamic Rep.	IRN	UMI	77.4	1967	1984	2004		169,170
Iraq	IRQ	UMI	33.8	1980	1989	1989	1995–2004	171
Jordan	JOR	UMI	7.3	1979	1995	2000		172
Kuwait	KWT	HIGH	3.4	1980	1985	1985	1975–2013	173
Lebanon	LBN	UMI	4.8	1982	1995	1995
Libya	LBY	UMI	6.2	1980	2001	2001
Morocco	MAR	LMI	33.0	1982	2003	1986^d		174
Oman	OMN	HIGH	3.6	1980	1994	1994	1996–2013	175–177
Pakistan	PAK	LMI	182.1	1980	2009	2016^a
Qatar	QAT	HIGH	2.2	1980	1996	1992
Saudi Arabia	SAU	HIGH	28.8	1974	1991	1991	1978–1991	178
Somalia	SOM	LOW	10.5	1979		2016^a		179
Sudan	SDN	LMI	38.0	1981	2012	2015^a
Syrian Arab Republic	SYR	LMI	21.9	1980	1993	1999
Tunisia	TUN	UMI	11.0	1979	1981	2004		180,181
United Arab Emirates	ARE	HIGH	9.3	1980	1984	1984	1998–2013	182
Yemen, Rep.	YEM	LMI	24.4	1980	2004	2014
Europe (EUR)								183–188
Albania	ALB	UMI	3.2	1990^f	2001	2001		189
Armenia	ARM	LMI	3.0	1967	1986	2002		190
Austria	AUT	HIGH	8.5	1974	1994	1994	1984–1994	191–193
Azerbaijan	AZE	UMI	9.4	1967	2001	2003		190
Belarus	BLR	UMI	9.4	1967	1987	1996		190,194
Belgium	BEL	HIGH	11.1	1975	1994	1985	1973–1994	195
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BIH	UMI	3.8	1969	1975	1975^d	1977–2008	196,197
Bulgaria	BGR	UMI	7.2	1969	1982	1993	1988–2000	198
Croatia	HRV	HIGH	4.3	1968	1968^g	1975	1975–2003	199,200
Cyprus	CYP	HIGH	1.1	1974	(2004)^c 2006	1989	1974–1989
Czech Republic	CZE	HIGH	10.7	1969	1975	1986	1982–1997	201
Denmark	DNK	HIGH	5.6	1987	1987^g	1987		202
Estonia	EST	HIGH	1.3	1967	1986	1992		190
Finland	FIN	HIGH	5.4	1975	1982	1982	1975–1988	203–205
France	FRA	HIGH	64.3	1983	1996	1983	1970–1996	206–208
Georgia	GEO	LMI	4.3	1966	(1988, 1989, 1993)^c 1997	2004		209
Germany	DEU	HIGH	82.7	1970	1986	1980	1975–1997	210–212
Greece	GRC	HIGH	11.1	1975	1991	1989	1977–1989	213,214
Hungary	HUN	UMI	10.0	1974	1989	1989		215,216
Iceland	ISL	HIGH	0.3	1976	2003	1989	1977–2002	217
Ireland	IRL	HIGH	4.6	1983	1992	1988	1971–1988	218,219
Israel	ISR	HIGH	7.7	1967	1994	1988	1973–1979	220,221
Italy	ITA	HIGH	61.0	1976	2004	1990	1972–2008	222,223
Kazakhstan	KAZ	UMI	16.4	1967	1986	2005		190,224
Kyrgyz Republic	KGZ	LOW	5.5	1967	1986	2002		190,225,226
Latvia	LVA	HIGH	2.1	1967	1986	1993	1993–2002	190
Lithuania	LTU	HIGH	3.0	1967	1986	1992	1992–1996	190,227
Luxembourg	LUX	HIGH	0.5	1983	1994	1994		228
Macedonia, FYR	MKD	UMI	2.1	1969	1997	1983	1975–2012	196,229
Malta	MLT	HIGH	0.4	1983	1991	1989^d	1976–1992	230
Moldova	MDA	LMI	3.5	1967	1986	2002		190
Montenegro	MNE	UMI	0.6	1972	1995	1995	1977–1992	196,197,231
Norway	NOR	HIGH	5.0	1969	1983^g	1983	1978–1982	232
Poland	POL	HIGH	38.2	1974	1991	1988	1989–2005	233
Portugal	PRT	HIGH	10.6	1980	1990	1984	1984–1990	234,235
Romania	ROU	UMI	21.7	1998^a	1998	2002		236,237
Russian Federation	RUS	HIGH	142.8	1967	1986	2000		190
Serbia	SRB	UMI	9.5	1971	1993	1993		238
Slovak Republic	SVK	HIGH	5.5	1980	1975	1986	1985–1992	201
Slovenia	SVN	HIGH	2.1	1968	1978	1990	1973–1990	239
Spain	ESP	HIGH	47.0	1978	1996	1981	1979–1994	240,241
Sweden	SWE	HIGH	9.6	1971	1982^g	1982	1972–1982	242
Switzerland	CHE	HIGH	8.1	1971	1996	1971	1974–1986	243–245
Tajikistan	TJK	LOW	8.2	1967	1986	2009		190
The Netherlands	NLD	HIGH	16.8	1976	1987	1987	1974–1987	246–248
Turkey	TUR	UMI	74.9	1987	1997	2006		249–251
Turkmenistan	TKM	UMI	5.2	1967	1988	2007		190
Ukraine	UKR	LMI	45.2	1967	1986	2001		190,252
United Kingdom	GBR	HIGH	63.1	1968	1996	1988	1970–1988	253–256
Uzbekistan	UZB	LMI	28.9	1967	1986	2006		190
Southeast Asia (SEAR)								257,258
Bangladesh	BGD	LOW	156.6	1980	2012	2012		259
Bhutan	BTN	LMI	0.8	1979	2006	2006		260
India	IND	LMI	1252.1	1985	2010	2015^a		261,262
Indonesia	IDN	LMI	249.9	1983	2003	2018^a		263
Korea, Dem. Rep.	PRK	LOW	24.9	1980	2008	2015^a
Maldives	MDV	UMI	0.3	1981	2007	2007
Myanmar	MMR	LOW	53.3	1986	2008	2015^a		264
Nepal	NPL	LOW	27.8	1981	2014^a	2014
Sri Lanka	LKA	LMI	21.3	1984	2001	1996	1996–2010	265
Thailand	THA	UMI	67.0	1984	1996	1996	1986–1998	266–269
Timor-Leste	TLS	LMI	1.1	1983		2015^a
Western Pacific (WPR)								270,271
Australia	AUS	HIGH	23.3	1975	1994	1993	1971–1993	272,273
Brunei Darussalam	BRN	HIGH	0.4	1970	1997	1984
Cambodia	KHM	LOW	15.1	1984	2012	2013
China	CHN	UMI	1385.6	1965	1965	2008		274–276
Hong Kong SAR, China^e	HKG	HIGH	7.2	1983	2001	1990		277–279
Macao SAR, China^e	MAC	HIGH	0.6	1983	2001	1985
Fiji	FJI	UMI	0.9	1980	2003	2003	1975–1994	280,281
Japan	JPN	HIGH	127.1	1966	2008	1989^h	1977–1994	282–284
Korea, Rep.	KOR	HIGH	49.3	1965	1997	1980		285,286
Lao PDR	LAO	LMI	6.8	1981	2012	2013		287,288
Malaysia	MYS	UMI	29.7	1983	2002	2002	1987–2008	289–293
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.	FSM	LMI	0.1	1987	1995	1970^d		294
Mongolia	MNG	LMI	2.8	1967	1987	2009
New Zealand	NZL	HIGH	4.5	1969	1992	1970	1979–1991	295,296
Papua New Guinea	PNG	LMI	7.3	1983	1991ⁱ	2015^a		297–299
Philippines	PHL	LMI	98.4	1982	2009	2009
Samoa	WSM	LMI	0.2	1982	(2002)^c 2006	2004
Singapore	SGP	HIGH	5.4	1976	1990	1990	1976–1981^a	300,301
Solomon Islands	SLB	LMI	0.6	1986	2012	2012
Tonga	TON	UMI	0.1	1981	2002	2002
Vanuatu	VUT	LMI	0.3	1982		2014
Vietnam	VNM	LMI	91.7	1982	2006	2015^a

Assumption about future vaccine adoption.

High-income country grouped with UMI countries given vaccine use.

Schedule included second dose in year(s) in parentheses prior to the start of the continuous two-dose schedule that started in the year not in parentheses (if MCV2 introduced).

RCV phased in starting in year indicated (fully implemented in 2000 for Bolivia, 1978 for Federated States of Micronesia, 2003–2008 then 2014 for Morocco, 1981 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992 in Malta).

Nonmember state.

Campaigns used to deliver vaccine during prior years.

Introduction of two-dose schedule in the indicated year led to actual delivery of a second dose to children in 1973 for Croatia, 1999 for Denmark, 1993 for Norway, and 1994 for Sweden (i.e., second dose introduced at an earlier age in the schedule).

MMR suspended due to mumps component of vaccine in 1993, which impacted delivery of rubella component.

ⁱ

Dose at six months counted such that dose at nine months counted as a second dose.