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. 2023 Jun 6;270(9):4434–4443. doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11779-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining of HIV-IBM and sIBM. HIV-IBM cases showed no KLRG1⁺ or CD57⁺ cells in contrast to the sIBM cases (b1–4, c1–4). Many CD8⁺/CD27⁺ and CD3⁺/PD1⁺ cells were detectable in both groups (a1–4, d1–4). The ligands showed a weak expression for PD-L1 (e1, e3) and a non-specific staining pattern involving the endomysial connective tissue and myocyte sarcolemma cells for PD-L2 (e2, e4)