Table 1:

Dermatological and Esophageal Characteristics of Autoimmune and Infectious Diseases

Disease	Cutaneous Findings	Esophageal Symptoms	Endoscopic/ Manometry Findings	Histological Findings	Treatment
Scleroderma	Raynaud’s Telangiectasias Sclerodactyly Calcinosis Digital scars Contractures Digital ulcers	Heartburn Dysphagia Chest pain Regurgitation Abdominal pain Weight loss	Strictures Esophagitis Telangiectasias Absent contractility Ineffective motility	Barrett’s esophagus Adenocarcinoma	Pro-kinetic agents PPIs Systemic steroids Immunosuppressants Buspirone Bethanechol Pyridostigmine
Dermatomyositis	Gottron papules Gottron’s sign Heliotrope rash Shawl sign Periungual telangiectasias	Dysphagia Heartburn Regurgitation Odynophagia	Ineffective esophageal motility Absent motility Jackhammer esophagus	Barrett’s esophagus Adenocarcinoma	PPI Systemic steroids Immunosuppressants
Pemphigus	Intraepithelial skin and mucous membrane vesiculobullous lesions Nikolsky sign positive	Odynophagia Dysphagia	Strictures Erosions Ulcers Blisters Furrows Vesiculobullous lesions	Suprabasal epidermal acantholysis Intraepithelial bullae Deposition of IgG, IgA, and C3 complement in a net-like pattern	Systemic steroids Immunosuppressants Esophageal dilation
Pemphigoid	Sub-epidermal bullae Nikolsky sign negative	Dysphagia Odynophagia Weight loss	Exudates with fibrin Esophageal webs Stenosis Erosions Subepithelial hematomas Proximal esophageal strictures	Sub-epithelial blister formation Linear deposits of IgG at the basement membrane (anti- BP-180, antiBP-230)	Systemic steroids Immunosuppressants Esophageal dilation
HSV	Cold sores Genital herpes Herpetic whitlow Herpetic eczema	Dysphagia Odynophagia	Punched-out ulcers with a yellow-rim and vesicles	Intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions otherwise known as Cowdry A bodies	Acyclovir Valacyclovir Famciclovir
CMV	Petechiae Morbilliform rashes Cutaneous vasculitis	Dysphagia Odynophagia	Deep, longitudinal and linear ulcers	Large eosinophilic or basophilic intranuclear inclusions	Ganciclovir
HIV	Kaposi sarcoma Anal papillomas Candida Eosinophilic folliculitis	Dysphagia Odynophagia	Deep ulcers in the middle of the esophagus	Eosinophilic infiltrate Inflammatory infiltrate	Steroids