Table 6.

Summary of various salivary biomarkers found for diabetes

Disease	Biomarkers	Sample type	Result	References
Diabetes	Glucose	Serum and saliva	A significant correlation between serum and saliva found	Gupta et al.[63]
Diabetes mellitus	Glucose	Serum and saliva	Significant correlation between fasting blood and salivary glucose levels and postprandial blood and salivary glucose levels	Gupta et al [92]
Type-2 diabetes mellitus	Glucose and HbA1c	Serum and saliva	Significant correlation between salivary glucose concentration and associated glycemia/HbA1c values	Mascarenhas et al. [93]
Diabetes Mellitus	Glucose	Serum and saliva	Significant correlation between salivary and serum blood glucose levels in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients	Bhattacharyya et al. [94]
Diabetes mellitus	Salivary amylase	Saliva	Salivary amylase concentration increased in diabetic patients which can be used as a potential biomarker to evaluate and clinical management of diabetic patients	Pérez-Ros et al [95]
Diabetes Mellitus	Glucose	Serum and Saliva	Significant correlation is found between serum and salivary glucose levels which suggest that salivary glucose can be used to monitor blood glucose concentration	Amer et al [96]
Diabetes Mellitus	Glucose and HbA1C	Serum and Saliva	Significant correlation is found between serum and salivary glucose and between serum and salivary glucose and serum glycated hemoglobin	Naseri et al [97]
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus	Glucose, amylase and proteins	Serum and Saliva	Significantly higher salivary glucose, lower amylase and total protein observed which suggest that diabetes influence the composition of saliva	Indira et al [98]
			However, further is needed to use saliva as a diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus	Salivary glucose, Salivary amylase and immunoglob ulins	Serum and saliva	Increase in levels of post prandial blood glucose, HBA1A, salivary glucose, salivary amylase and salivary immunoglobulin A in diabetic patients. Significant correlation is found between post prandial blood glucose and salivary glucose in diabetic patients	Abd-Elraheem et al. [99]
Type 2 diabetes	Salivary glucose and urea	Saliva and plasma	Significant correlation is found between salivary and plasma glucose levels as well as in salivary and blood urea	Mrag et al [100]
Diabetes mellitus	Salivary glucose and HbA1C	Serum and Saliva	Significant Correlation found between fasting salivary glucose and blood glucose and fasting salivary glucose and HbA1C in diabetic patients	Satish et al [45]