Table 2.
Associations between BM macronutrient intake at 6 weeks with infant growth and adiposity
| Outcomes (changes in SDS) | Predictors | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BM macronutrient intake at 6 weeks | ||||||||||||
| BM intake volume (l/d) | Carbohydrate (g/d) | Fat (g/d) | Protein (g/d) | |||||||||
| β | se | P | β | se | P | β | se | P | β | se | P | |
| Weight gain | ||||||||||||
| 0–6 weeks | 3·39 | 0·43 | <0·001 * | 0·04 | 0·01 | <0·001 * | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·3 | 0·22 | 0·04 | <0·001 * |
| 6 weeks–3 months | 0·16 | 0·31 | 0·6 | 0·001 | 0·01 | 0·78 | 0·001 | 0·004 | 0·88 | 0·03 | 0·03 | 0·34 |
| 3–12 months | −2·21 | 0·64 | 0·001 * | −0·03 | 0·01 | 0·025 | −0·005 | 0·01 | 0·6 | −0·13 | 0·06 | 0·05 |
| Length gain | ||||||||||||
| 0–6 weeks | 1·42 | 0·63 | 0·03 | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·52 | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·11 | 0·06 | 0·08 |
| 6 weeks–3 months | 0·22 | 0·44 | 0·62 | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·17 | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·05 | 0·04 | 0·27 |
| 3–12 months | −0·92 | 0·65 | 0·16 | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·15 | −0·005 | 0·01 | 0·51 | −0·06 | 0·06 | 0·29 |
| BMI gain | ||||||||||||
| 0–6 weeks | 3·68 | 0·78 | <0·001 * | 0·05 | 0·01 | 0·002 * | 0·03 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·22 | 0·08 | 0·01 |
| 6 weeks–3 months | −0·12 | 0·48 | 0·81 | −0·01 | 0·01 | 0·4 | −0·01 | 0·01 | 0·38 | −0·01 | 0·05 | 0·91 |
| 3–12 months | −2·33 | 0·75 | 0·003 * | −0·03 | 0·01 | 0·08 | −0·003 | 0·01 | 0·81 | −0·13 | 0·08 | 0·1 |
| Skinfold gain | ||||||||||||
| 0–6 weeks | 4·53 | 0·6 | <0·001 * | 0·06 | 0·01 | <0·001 * | 0·02 | 0·01 | 0·1 | 0·28 | 0·07 | <0·001 * |
| 6 weeks–3 months | −0·92 | 0·48 | 0·06 | −0·01 | 0·01 | 0·38 | −0·001 | 0·01 | 0·84 | −0·05 | 0·05 | 0·32 |
| 3–12 months | −2·65 | 0·69 | <0·001 * | −0·04 | 0·01 | 0·009 | −0·01 | 0·01 | 0·6 | −0·19 | 0·07 | 0·006 * |
BM, breast milk; EBF, exclusive breast-feeding; SDS, standard deviation scores; β + se, unstandardised regression coefficient + standard error.
*
Statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (P < 0·0083).
The models include only infants with EBF 3+ months (n 40 for macronutrients models and 60 for BM intake volume models). All multiple linear regression models were adjusted for infant sex, birth weight SDS, gestational age, postnatal age at visit, EBF status at 6 months and other BM macronutrient concentrations at 6 weeks (for macronutrients models only). Associations at P < 0·05 are indicated in bold.