Table 5.
Longitudinal associations between BM macronutrient intake and infant growth and adiposity
| Outcomes (changes in SDS) | Predictors | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | Fat (g/d) | Protein (g/d) | |||||||
| Estimate | se | P | Estimate | se | P | β | se | P | |
| Early infancy period: 0–3 months | |||||||||
| Weight SDS | 0·02 | 0·01 | 0·002 * | 0·005 | 0·003 | 0·07 | 0·05 | 0·02 | 0·01 |
| Length SDS | 0·004 | 0·01 | 0·48 | 0·002 | 0·003 | 0·38 | 0·01 | 0·02 | 0·55 |
| BMI SDS | 0·02 | 0·01 | 0·008 * | 0·004 | 0·004 | 0·23 | 0·06 | 0·03 | 0·04 |
| Mean SF SDS | 0·01 | 0·01 | 0·2 | 0·001 | 0·004 | 0·85 | 0·02 | 0·03 | 0·41 |
| Late infancy period: 3–12 months | |||||||||
| Weight SDS | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·03 | −0·003 | 0·004 | 0·44 | −0·06 | 0·05 | 0·6 |
| Length SDS | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·04 | −0·005 | 0·004 | 0·17 | −0·03 | 0·04 | 0·45 |
| BMI SDS | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·15 | −0·001 | 0·01 | 0·88 | −0·02 | 0·05 | 0·74 |
| Mean SF SDS | −0·03 | 0·01 | 0·08 | −0·002 | 0·01 | 0·73 | −0·05 | 0·06 | 0·38 |
BM, breast milk; SDS, standard deviation scores, SF, skinfolds; GA, gestational age; EBF, exclusive breast-feeding.
*
Statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (P < 0·0125).
Fixed effect estimates +se are displayed.
Analyses are based on linear mixed-effect models, adjusted for infant sex, birth weight SDS, GA, postnatal age at visit, EBF status at 3 months and other BM macronutrient concentrations. Smoothing splines were added to the models with knot at 3 months. Associations at P < 0·05 are indicated in bold.