Table 3. Parameter estimation of the final PD model and bootstrap results for carvedilol.
| Parameters | Final model | Bootstrap (n = 1,000) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (RSE, %) | Median (95% CI) | ||
| Population parameters | |||
| E0 (bpm) | 60.4 (3.1) | 60.4 (56.9–64.0) | |
| ED50 (μg) | 0.685 (30.9) | 0.709 (0.387–1.512) | |
| Emax (bpm) | 30.7 (21.9) | 31.7 (20.2–52.1) | |
| IC50 (ng/mL) | 16.5 (34.4) | 16.6 (9.3–39.4) | |
| Interindividual variability (coefficient of variation, CV%) [η shrinkage] | |||
| ωE0 (%) | 13.5 (12.7) [0%] | 13.2 (9.2–16.1) | |
| ωEmax (%) | 65.4 (27) [8%] | 57.6 (31.7–109.0) | |
| Residual error | |||
| Additive error | 64.2 (5.9) | 63.1 (50.6–79.1) | |
RSE (%) = (Standard Error)/(Estimate) × 100
PD = pharmacodynamic, RSE = relative standard error, CI = confidence interval, E0 = baseline heart rate, ED50 = half-maximal isoproterenol effective dose, Emax = maximal effect of carvedilol, IC50 = inhibitory potency of carvedilol.