Table 2.

Generalised estimating equation predictability of high pain scores when Voice domain item was present.

Model	Exp (β)	95% CI Exp (β)		P-value
Pain: low/high		Lower	Upper
Intercept	0.0	0.0	0.2	<.001*
Gender (male)a	1.8	1.3	2.6	.001
Age	1.0	1.0	1.0	.414
Noisy pain soundsb	5.0	4.0	6.3	<.001*
Requesting help repeatedlyb	3.3	2.3	4.9	<.001*
Groaningb	3.3	2.7	4.1	<.001*
Moaningb	2.8	2.2	3.7	<.001*
Cryingb	4.1	2.6	6.4	<.001*
Screamingb	7.7	5.3	10.6	<.001*
Loudtalkb	5.0	3.6	7.1	<.001*
Howlingb	2.9	1.8	4.5	<.001*
Sighingb	8.1	6.4	10.4	<.001*
Model	β (SE)	95% CI (β)		P-value
Pain: no, low, moderate, severe		Lower	Upper
Intercept	−1.2 (0.4)	−2.1	−0.4	.005
Gender (male)a	0.3 (0.1)	0.1	0.4	.008
Age	−0.0 (0.0)	−0.0	0.0	.033
Noisy pain soundsb	0.8 (0.0)	0.8	0.9	<.001*
Requesting help repeatedlyb	0.7 (0.1)	0.6	0.8	<.001*
Groaningb	0.6 (0.0)	0.5	0.8	<.001*
Moaningb	0.6 (0.1)	0.5	0.7	<.001*
Cryingb	0.6 (0.1)	0.5	0.7	<.001*
Screamingb	0.7 (0.1)	0.6	0.8	<.001*
Loudtalkb	0.9 (0.1)	0.8	1.0	<.001*
Howlingb	0.3 (0.1)	0.2	0.5	<.001
Sighingb	1.2 (0.1)	1.1	1.3	<.001*

Note. Pain (low/high) model reports a binary logistic with OR (Exp [β]) presented; Pain (no, low, moderate, severe) reports a negative binomial with log link with beta estimate (β) and standard error (SE) presented.

^aCompared to male.

^bCompared to absent.

^*Statistically significant at P < 0.000001.