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. 2023 May 15;26(6):1021–1031. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01325-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Schematic of experimental groups at 6 months: control (B), 6 h of SD, and 4 h of RB sleep following 6 h of SD. b, Location of analyzed neurons. c,d, Quantifications of LHA neurons from Wt and App^NL-G-F mice. c, MCH⁺ and cFos⁺ (Wt B versus Wt RB P = 0.0001, Wt SD versus Wt RB P = 0.0004, Wt RB versus App^NL-G-F RB P = 0.0448). d, Hcrt/Ox⁺ and cFos⁺ (Wt SD versus Wt RB P = 0.0354, App^NL-G-F SD versus App^NL-G-F RB P = 0.0126). Number of mice: 6 MO - B: Wt n = 9, App^NL-G-F n = 8; SD: Wt n = 8, App^NL-G-F n = 7, RB: Wt n = 8, App^NL-G-F n = 8. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test. Individual data points are shown; bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). e, Representative images of LHA show MCH (green) or Hcrt/Ox (gray) neurons positive for cFos (red). Magenta arrowheads denote MCH⁺ and cFos⁺; white arrows denote Hcrt/Ox⁺ and cFos⁺ neurons. f,g, Basal EEG/EMG recordings show the percentage of time spent in wake, NREM and REM states over Zeitgeber time (ZT; every 4 h; P = 0.0192; f) or during total light and dark phases (P = 0.0004; g). Number of mice: 6 MO - B: Wt n = 6, App^NL-G-F n = 8. Two-way ANOVA, with Holm–Sidak post hoc multiple-comparisons test. Individual data points are shown; bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05). h, EEG/EMG recordings during RB sleep show the percentage of time spent in wake, NREM or REM (P = 0.0214). Number of mice: 6 MO - RB: Wt n = 6, App^NL-G-F n = 7. Two-tailed unpaired t-test. Individual data points are shown; bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05).