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. 2023 May 6;66(7):1273–1288. doi: 10.1007/s00125-023-05912-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Sub-genome-wide significant HDAC2 novel type 2 diabetes loci. (a) Scatter plot of the effect allele frequencies (EAFs) from the sub-genome-wide significant variants in Latino (LAT) vs European (EUR) populations, highlighting those that are distinct from the known lead type 2 diabetes-associated variants (purple) and those that are in novel loci (yellow). (b) Regional association plot of the novel HDAC2 locus associated with type 2 diabetes risk. (c) Forest plot of the association statistics in the discovery (black) and the replication (blue) cohorts. (d) Violin plots of serum 3-hydroxybutyrate levels in non-carriers (blue) and carriers (yellow) of the rs1016378028 variant. Whiskers range from upper and lower fences (1.5 × IQR); points represent outliers. (e) HDAC2 gene expression in human islets from donors with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and control islets treated (brown) or not (green) with different cytokines or other stressor compounds. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs no treatment (adjusted p values, Benjamini–Hochberg correction). Whiskers range from upper and lower fences (1.5 × IQR); points represent outliers. (f) HDAC2 gene expression in multiple tissues from GTEx and TIGER portals. Each box plot shows expression in a different tissue or cell line Whiskers range from upper and lower fences (1.5 × IQR); points represent outliers