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. 2023 Feb 9;396(7):1471–1485. doi: 10.1007/s00210-023-02414-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Serotonin (5-HT) increases contractility in atrial preparations of mice overexpressing 5-HT₄ receptors. A Representative original recording of a concentration response curve for 5-HT in an isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) left atrial preparation from 5-HT₄-TG. B Concentration- and time-dependent positive inotropic effect of 5-HT in isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) atrial preparations from 5-HT₄-TG. Basal force of contraction amounted to 2.74 ± 0.29 mN. C Concentration effect of 5-HT on time to peak tension and on time of relaxation in isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) left atrial preparations from 5-HT₄-TG. Basal time to peak tension amounted to 14.18 ± 0.3 ms and basal time of relaxation amounted to 31.82 ± 1.69 ms. D Concentration-dependent effect of 5-HT on maximum rate of tension development (dF/dt max) and minimum rate of tension development (dF/dt min) in isolated electrically stimulated (1 Hz) left atrial preparations from 5-HT₄-TG. Basal maximum rate of tension development amounted to 177.06 ± 20.74 mN/s and basal minimum rate of tension development amounted to − 99.6 ± 11.31 mN/s. *Indicates the first significant difference versus control (Ctr = before drugs addition). Numbers in brackets = number of experiments