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. 2023 Jun 6;9:41. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00585-5

Table 2.

Overall and subgroup analyses for MMQ (upper panel) and NMQ (lower panel)

Variable Effect size 95%CI Heterogeneity Frequencies
g SE LL UL p I2 Tau2 Ni k Ns Np
MMQ 0.21 0.08 0.03 0.40 0.029 25 0.04 15 54 13 562
Population
LFOI 0.24 0.04 0.09 0.38 0.016 0 0.00 5 15 5 274
Intervention
RT 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.47 0.013 8 0.01 9 27 9 319
OEI 0.12 0.18 − 0.37 0.62 0.538 45 0.11 6 27 5 243
Intensity
Low 0.19 0.10 − 0.03 0.42 0.085 37 0.06 11 42 10 473
Dietary supplementation
Yes 0.26 0.06 0.02 0.49 0.041 0 0.00 4 8 4 259
No 0.19 0.12 − 0.08 0.46 0.148 36 0.09 12 46 10 345
Limb
Lower 0.16 0.08 − 0.03 0.35 0.088 0 0.00 14 48 12 502
Method
CT 0.34 0.08 0.12 0.55 0.011 31 0.06 7 41 5 281
US 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.38 0.021 0 0.00 6 10 6 213
Measure
EI 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.38 0.021 0 0.00 6 10 6 213
MD 0.49 0.15 0.12 0.86 0.019 29 0.05 8 28 6 303
Control group
Passive 0.19 0.11 − 0.06 0.43 0.119 34 0.07 12 45 10 402
NMQ 0.68 0.16 0.35 1.01 0.000 81 0.6 26 55 21 894
Population
HFOI 0.72 0.16 0.38 1.06 0.000 77 0.6 22 49 17 623
LFOI 0.51 0.52 − 1.15 2.16 0.400 91 0.7 4 6 4 271
Intervention
RT 0.91 0.23 0.42 1.41 0.001 86 0.9 17 41 15 566
OEI 0.21 0.17 − 0.23 0.65 0.285 6 0.0 9 14 6 328
Intensity
Low 0.65 0.17 0.30 0.99 0.001 81 0.6 23 51 18 798
Dietary supplementation
Yes 0.32 0.27 − 0.44 1.07 0.302 74 0.3 5 10 5 263
No 0.77 0.18 0.40 1.15 0.001 79 0.6 22 45 19 653
Limb
Upper 0.61 0.28 − 0.02 1.24 0.056 76 0.6 11 20 8 302
Lower 0.74 0.19 0.35 1.13 0.001 83 0.7 24 33 19 844
Muscle
Arm 0.61 0.28 − 0.02 1.24 0.056 76 0.6 11 20 8 302
Thigh 0.79 0.19 0.40 1.19 0.001 83 0.7 23 31 18 820
Method
DXA 1.12 0.22 0.65 1.59 0.000 78 0.7 16 34 13 443
US − 0.25 0.15 − 0.79 0.29 0.213 20 0.0 4 5 4 153
Control group
Active 0.34 0.22 − 0.20 0.88 0.171 72 0.3 7 20 6 290
Passive 0.82 0.20 0.39 1.24 0.001 82 0.7 19 35 15 604

g, effect size; SE, standard error of the effect size; CI, LL, UL, 95% confidence interval lower and upper limit; p, probability; I2, percent of heterogeneity; Tau2, absolute value of true heterogeneity; Ni, number of intervention arms; k, number of outcomes; Ns, number of studies; Np, number of participants; HFOI, higher-functioning older individuals; LFOI, lower-functioning older individuals; RT, resistance training; OEI, other exercise interventions; CT, computed tomography; US, ultrasound imaging; EI, echo intensity; MD, muscle density