Table 1.
Influence of carotenoids combination with ASA on cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of carotenoids in macrophages and PBMCs
| Experimental groups | IC50 values (µM) | Cellular uptake (p moles/106cells) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAW 264.7 | U937 | PBMCs | RAW 264.7 | U937 | PBMCs | |
| Individual treatments | ||||||
| ASA* | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | – | – | – |
| BC | 20.6 | 22.3 | 22.3 | 310 ± 4.2c | 255 ± 3.3 d | 327 ± 4.3d |
| LUT | 21.1 | 22.3 | 22.3 | 411 ± 4.8b | 342 ± 5.6 b | 449 ± 4.1b |
| AST | 23.5 | 24.2 | 24.2 | 467 ± 7.3a | 446 ± 3.9a | 498 ± 3.9a |
| FUCO | 22.6 | 23.4 | 23.4 | 382 ± 5.5b | 311 ± 5.1 | 413 ± 2.9c |
| Combination treatments | ||||||
| BC + ASA | 6.1 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 79 ± 2.3d | 78 ± 3.4d | 89 ± 2.9d |
| LUT + ASA | 8.2 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 131 ± 3.1c | 135 ± 2.8c | 149 ± 3.3c |
| AST + ASA | 7.3 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 259 ± 4.5a | 334 ± 3.9a | 397 ± 5.7a |
| FUCO + ASA | 5.1 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 163 ± 5.2b | 199 ± 4.7b | 204 ± 3.1b |
The data represent mean ± SD (n = 5). Values not sharing a common superscript letter within a column under individual or combination treatments are significantly different (p < 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. ASA*-IC50 concentration; ASA, minimal dose of ASA (10–13% cell survival) in RAW 264.7 (0.1 µM), U937 (0.21 µM) and PBMCs (0.17 µM), respectively
CON control; ASA aspirin; BC β-carotene; LUT lutein; AST Astaxanthin; FUCO fucoxanthin