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. 2023 Apr 12;30(6):1416–1429. doi: 10.1038/s41418-023-01162-9

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to ADMC Associazione Differenziamento e Morte Cellulare 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 3 — Under nutrient-rich conditions, TORC1 is activated. Multiple transcription repressors can bind to the promoter region of some core ATG genes, thus inhibiting autophagy. During starvation, TORC1 is inactivated. Rim15 will translocate into the nucleus and inhibit the transcription repression due to Ume6 and Rph1. Gln3, Gat1 and Gcn4 will also translocate into the nucleus and induce the transcription of ATG genes. The Spt4-Spt5 complex plays dual roles in regulating ATG gene transcription, inhibiting transcription when nutrients are replete and promoting transcription during starvation, which depends on the phosphorylation status of Spt5.